Teenagers’ Awareness about Local Vertebrates and Their Functions: Strengthening Community Environmental Education in a Mexican Shade-Coffee Region to Foster Animal Conservation
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area, Community Program, and Participants
2.2. The Intervention
2.3. Evaluation: Pre- and Post-Intervention Questionnaires
2.4. Data Analyses
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Rieckmann, M.; Mindt, L.; Gardiner, S. Education for Sustainable Development Goals: Learning Objectives; UNESCO Publishing: Paris, France, 2017. [Google Scholar]
- Agbedahin, A.V. Sustainable development, Education for Sustainable Development, and the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development: Emergence, efficacy, eminence, and future. Sustain. Dev. 2019, 27, 669–680. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ardoin, N.M.; Bowers, A.W.; Gaillard, E. Environmental education outcomes for conservation: A systematic review. Biol. Conserv. 2020, 241, 108224. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Barlow, J.; França, F.; Gardner, T.A.; Hicks, C.C.; Lennox, G.D.; Berenguer, E.; Castello, L.; Economo, E.P.; Ferreira, J.; Guénard, B.; et al. The future of hyperdiverse tropical ecosystems. Nature 2018, 559, 517–526. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Fisher, B.; Christopher, T. Poverty and biodiversity: Measuring the overlap of human poverty and the biodiversity hotspots. Ecol. Econ. 2007, 62, 93–101. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Van Weelie, D.; Wals, A.E.J. Making biodiversity meaningful through environmental education. Int. J. Sci. Educ. 2002, 24, 1143–1156. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Symes, W.S.; Edwards, D.P.; Miettinen, J.; Rheindt, F.E.; Carrasco, L.R. Combined impacts of deforestation and wildlife trade on tropical biodiversity are severely underestimated. Nat. Commun. 2018, 9. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Brodie, J.F.; Redford, K.H.; Doak, D.F. Ecological function analysis: Incorporating species roles into conservation. Trends Ecol. Evol. 2018, 33, 840–850. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Dirzo, R.; Young, H.S.; Galetti, M.; Ceballos, G.; Isaac, N.J.B.; Collen, B. Defaunation in the Anthropocene. Science 2014, 345, 401–406. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Krause, T.; Nielsen, M.R. Not seeing the forest for the trees: The oversight of defaunation in REDD+ and global forest governance. Forests 2019, 10, 344. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Scheffers, B.R.; Oliveira, B.F.; Lamb, I.; Edwards, D.P. Global wildlife trade across the tree of life. Science 2019, 366, 71–76. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wilkie, D.S.; Bennett, E.L.; Peres, C.A.; Cunningham, A.A. The empty forest revisited. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 2011, 1223, 120–128. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Mogomotsi, P.K.; Mogomotsi, G.E.J.; Dipogiso, K.; Phonchi-Tshekiso, N.D.; Stone, L.S.; Badimo, D. An analysis of communities’ attitudes toward wildlife and implications for wildlife sustainability. Trop. Conserv. Sci. 2020. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sheil, D.; Boissière, M.; Beaudoin, G. Unseen sentinels: Local monitoring and control in conservation’s blind spots. Ecol. Soc. 2015, 20, 39. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Duerden, M.D.; Witt, P.A. The impact of direct and indirect experiences on the development of environmental knowledge, attitudes, and behavior. J. Environ. Psychol. 2010, 30, 379–392. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Collado, S.; Corraliza, J.A. Children’s Restorative Experiences and Self-Reported Environmental Behaviors. Environ. Behav. 2015, 47, 38–56. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Kellert, S.R. Attitudes toward animals: Age-related development among. J. Environ. Educ. 1985, 16, 29–39. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Wyner, Y.; Desalle, R. Introduccíon de la perspectiva de la biología de la conservacíon a las aulas de escuelas secundarias. Conserv. Biol. 2010, 24, 649–654. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Balčiauskas, L.; Ambarli, H.; Balčiauskiene, L.; Bagrade, G.; Kazlauskas, M.; Ozolinš, J.; Zlatanova, D.; Žunna, A. Love Off, Fear On? Brown bear acceptance by teenagers in European countries with differing population statuses. Sustainablity 2020, 12, 2397. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Barraza, L.; Pineda, J. Knowledge, perceptions and attitudes towards Forest Ecosystems among rural adolescents from Western Mexico. Unasylva 2003, 213, 10–17. [Google Scholar]
- Rousell, D.; Cutter-Mackenzie-Knowles, A. A systematic review of climate change education: Giving children and young people a ‘voice’ and a ‘hand’ in redressing climate change. Child. Geogr. 2020, 18, 191–208. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Tanner, T. Shifting the narrative: Child-led responses to climate change and disasters in El Salvador and the Philippines. Child. Soc. 2010, 24, 339–351. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Myers, G. The Significance of Children and Animals:Social Development and Our Connections to Other Species; Purdue University Press: West Lafayette, IN, USA, 2007. [Google Scholar]
- Stevenson, R.B.; Stirling, C. Environmental Learning and Agency in Diverse Educational and Cultural Contexts. In Engaging Environmental Education; Stevenson, R.B., Dillon, J., Eds.; Brill Sense: Leiden, The Netherlands, 2010; pp. 217–237. [Google Scholar]
- Frick, J.; Kaiser, F.G.; Wilson, M. Environmental knowledge and conservation behavior: Exploring prevalence and structure in a representative sample. Pers. Individ. Dif. 2004, 37, 1597–1613. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Williams, C.C.; Chawla, L. Environmental identity formation in nonformal environmental education programs. Environ. Educ. Res. 2016, 22, 978–1001. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Geografía (INEGI) Censo General de Población y Vivienda. Puebla, México. Available online: http://www.inegi.gob.mx (accessed on 20 May 2020).
- Gutiérrez Mayén, M.G. CONABIO Comisión nacional para el conocimiento y uso de la biodiversidad. In Anfibios y Reptiles del Municipio de Cuetzalan del Progreso, Puebla; Comisión nacional para el conocimiento y uso de la biodiversidad: Puebla, Mexico, 2020. [Google Scholar]
- Leyequién, E.; de Boer, W.F.; Toledo, V.M. Bird community composition in a shaded coffee agro-ecological matrix in Puebla, Mexico: The effects of landscape heterogeneity at multiple spatial scales. Biotropica 2010, 42, 236–245. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Silverio Polo, L.; Ramírez-Bravo, O. Registro de la presencia de mamíferos medianos en dos zonas del municipio de Cuetzalán, en la Sierra Norte de Puebla. Therya 2014, 5, 855–860. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Moguel, P. Seis desafíos para la educación ambiental: La experiencia de la Cooperativa Tosepan Titataniske en la Sierra Norte de Puebla, México. In Educación Ambiental y Manejo de Ecosistemas en México; Castillo, A., González-Gaudiano, E., Eds.; Secretaría de Medio Ambiente y Recursos Naturales: Mexico City, Mexico, 2009; pp. 179–201. [Google Scholar]
- López-del-Toro, P.; Andresen, E.; Barraza, L.; Estrada, A. Attitudes and knowledge of shade-coffee farmers towards vertebrates and their ecological functions. Trop. Conserv. Sci. 2009, 2, 299–318. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Unión de Cooperativas Tosepan. Available online: https://www.tosepan.com/ (accessed on 26 September 2020).
- Bartra, A.; Cobo, R.; Paz, L. Tosepan Titataniske Abriendo Horizontes. 27 Años de Historia; Sociedad Cooperativa Agropecuaria Regional Tosepan Titataniske: Mexico City, Mexico, 2004. [Google Scholar]
- Andrade, B.; Moguel, P.; Hernández, M.; García, L.J. Cuaderno de trabajo. Círculo de reflexión y gestión comunitaria; Guía didáctica; Etnoecología A.C/Toyota/Coop; Tosepan Titataniske: Puebla, Mexico, 2005. [Google Scholar]
- López-del-Toro, P. Percepciones de los Pobladores Rurales del Municipio de Cuetzalan, Puebla, Sobre las Funciones Ecológicas de los Vertebrados Terrestres. Master’s Thesis, Centro de Investigaciones en Ecosistemas de la Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Morelia, Mexico, 2008. [Google Scholar]
- Barraza, L. Attitudes to animal dilemmas: An exploratory comparison between mexican and english children. Int. Electron. J. Environ. Educ. 2015, 5, 40–61. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Franquesa-Soler, M.; Serio-Silva, J.C. Through the eyes of children: Drawings as an evaluation tool for children’s understanding about endangered Mexican primates. Am. J. Primatol. 2017, 79, e22723. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- R Core Team R. A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing. Available online: https://www.r-project.org/ (accessed on 26 July 2020).
- Borcard, D.; Gillet, F.; Legendre, P. Numerical Ecology with R; Springer: New York, NY, USA, 2018. [Google Scholar]
- Legendre, P.; Andersson, M.J. Distance-based redundancy analysis: Testing multispecies responses in multifactorial ecological experiments. Ecol. Monogr. 1999, 69, 1–24. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Laliberté, E.; Legendre, P.; Shipley, B. FD: Measuring Functional Diversity from Multiple Traits, and Other Tools for Functional Ecology. Available online: https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/FD/citation.html (accessed on 20 May 2020).
- Oksanen, J.; Blanchet, F.G.; Friendly, M.; Kindt, R.; Legendre, P.; McGlinn, D.; Minchin, P.R.; O’Hara, R.B.; Simpson, G.L.; Solymos, P.; et al. Vegan: Community Ecology Package. R Package Version 2.5-5. Available online: https://cran.r-project.org/package=vegan (accessed on 20 May 2020).
- Christensen, R. “ordinal—Regression Models for Ordinal Data” R Package Version. Available online: https://cran.r-project.org/package=ordinal (accessed on 20 May 2020).
- Alcántara-Salinas, G.; Hunn, E.S.; Rivera-Hernández, J.E. Avian biodiversity in two zapotec communities in Oaxaca: The role of community-based conservation in San Miguel Tiltepec and San Juan Mixtepec, Mexico. Hum. Ecol. 2015, 43, 735–748. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Corrigan, C.; Bingham, H.; Shi, Y.; Lewis, E.; Chauvenet, A.; Kingston, N. Quantifying the contribution to biodiversity conservation of protected areas governed by indigenous peoples and local communities. Biol. Conserv. 2018, 227, 403–412. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Moguel, P.; Toledo, V.M. Biodiversity Conservation in Traditional Coffee Systems of Mexico. Conserv. Biol. 1999, 13, 11–21. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Toledo, V.M.; Moguel, P. Coffee and sustainability: The multiple values of traditional shaded coffee. J. Sustain. Agric. 2012, 36, 353–377. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Perfecto, I.; Vandermeer, J. Biodiversity conservation in tropical agroecosystems: A new conservation paradigm. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 2008, 1134, 173–200. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Aronson, B.; Laughter, J. The theory and practice of culturally relevant education: A synthesis of research across content areas. Rev. Educ. Res. 2016, 86, 163–206. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Gifford, R.; Nilsson, A. Personal and social factors that influence pro-environmental concern and behaviour: A review. Int. J. Psychol. 2014, 49, 141–157. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Pinto-Marroquin, M.; Serio-Silva, J.C. Perception and Uses of Primates among Popoluca Indigenous People in Los Tuxtlas, Mexico. In Neotropical Ethnoprimatology; Urbani, B., Lizarralde, M., Eds.; Springer: Cham, Switzerland, 2020; pp. 3–20. [Google Scholar]
- Rakotomamonjy, S.N.; Jones, J.P.G.; Razafimanahaka, J.H.; Ramamonjisoa, B.; Williams, S.J. The effects of environmental education on children’s and parents’ knowledge and attitudes towards lemurs in rural Madagascar. Anim. Conserv. 2015, 18, 157–166. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Chand, V.S.; Shukla, S.R. Biodiversity contests’: Indigenously informed and transformed environmental education. Appl. Environ. Educ. Commun. 2003, 2, 229–236. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Stern, M.J.; Powell, R.B.; Hill, D. Environmental education program evaluation in the new millennium: What do we measure and what have we learned? Environ. Educ. Res. 2014, 20, 581–611. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kellert, S.R.; Berry, J.K. Attitudes, knowledge, and behaviors toward wildlife as affected by gender. Wildl. Soc. Bull. 1987, 15, 363–371. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Blare, T.; Useche, P. Differences in women’s and men’s conservation of cacao agroforests in coastal Ecuador. Environ. Conserv. 2019, 46, 302–309. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zelezny, L.C. Educational interventions that improve environmental behaviors: A meta-analysis. J. Environ. Educ. 1999, 31, 5–14. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Gruenewald, D.A. Place-Based Education in the Global Age; Smith, G.A., Gruenewald, D.A., Eds.; Routledge: New York, NY, USA, 2014; ISBN 9781315769844. [Google Scholar]
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. |
© 2020 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Andresen, E.; López-del-Toro, P.; Franquesa-Soler, M.; Mora, F.; Barraza, L. Teenagers’ Awareness about Local Vertebrates and Their Functions: Strengthening Community Environmental Education in a Mexican Shade-Coffee Region to Foster Animal Conservation. Sustainability 2020, 12, 8684. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12208684
Andresen E, López-del-Toro P, Franquesa-Soler M, Mora F, Barraza L. Teenagers’ Awareness about Local Vertebrates and Their Functions: Strengthening Community Environmental Education in a Mexican Shade-Coffee Region to Foster Animal Conservation. Sustainability. 2020; 12(20):8684. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12208684
Chicago/Turabian StyleAndresen, Ellen, Paulina López-del-Toro, Montserrat Franquesa-Soler, Francisco Mora, and Laura Barraza. 2020. "Teenagers’ Awareness about Local Vertebrates and Their Functions: Strengthening Community Environmental Education in a Mexican Shade-Coffee Region to Foster Animal Conservation" Sustainability 12, no. 20: 8684. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12208684
APA StyleAndresen, E., López-del-Toro, P., Franquesa-Soler, M., Mora, F., & Barraza, L. (2020). Teenagers’ Awareness about Local Vertebrates and Their Functions: Strengthening Community Environmental Education in a Mexican Shade-Coffee Region to Foster Animal Conservation. Sustainability, 12(20), 8684. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12208684