Contributions of Ecosystem Services to Human Well-Being in Puerto Rico
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Human Well-Being Domains and Services Scores
2.2. Statistical Relationships between Services and Domains
3. Results
3.1. Downscaling
3.2. Spatial and Temporal Patterns of Well-Being and Services
3.3. Relationships between Services and Domains
3.3.1. Connection to Nature
3.3.2. Cultural Fulfillment
3.3.3. Education
3.3.4. Health
3.3.5. Leisure Time
3.3.6. Living Standards
3.3.7. Safety and Security
3.3.8. Social Cohesion
4. Discussion
4.1. Relationships between Ecosystem Services and Human Well-Being
4.2. Effects of Economic and Social Services on Human Well-Being
4.3. Modeling Approach and Limitations
4.4. Implications
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
Key to Shading | Connection Nature | Cultural Fulfillment | Education | Health | Leisure | Living Standards | Safety and Security | Social Cohesion | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1–10% of R2 | |||||||||
10–20% of R2 | |||||||||
20–30% of R2 | |||||||||
30–40% of R2 | |||||||||
>40% of R2 | |||||||||
>60% of R2 | |||||||||
Number of Models | 174 | 2 | 5 | 44 | 71 | 1 | 15 | 37 | |
R2 Fixed | 0.003 | 0.45 | 0.37 | 0.53 | 0.51 | 0.45 | 0.31 | 0.70 | |
R2 Total | 0.13 | 0.95 | 0.92 | 0.76 | 0.86 | 0.98 | 0.84 | 0.90 | |
% Contribution of | |||||||||
Economic Services | 63.5 | 1.7 | 0.5 | 9.2 | 74.9 | 56.3 | 83.2 | 97.5 | |
Ecosystem Services | 10.3 | 2.3 | 16.6 | 21.0 | 5.5 | 6.6 | 7.9 | 1.5 | |
Social Services | 26.2 | 96.0 | 82.9 | 69.9 | 19.6 | 37.1 | 8.9 | 1.0 | |
Intercept | 0.41 *** | 1.36 *** | 0.17 *** | 0.42 *** | 0.04 NS | −0.16 NS | 0.8 *** | 0.36 *** | |
Economic Services | Capital Investment | 0.00 NS | −0.06 *** | −0.03 * | 0.01 NS | ||||
Consumption | 0.00 NS | 0.11 @ | 0.29* | 0.22 *** | |||||
Employment | −0.06 *** | −0.08 *** | −0.03 *** | ||||||
Finance | 0.00 NS | 0.95 *** | 0.07 ** | −0.03 ** | |||||
Innovation | −0.02 * | 0.12 *** | 0.00 NS | 0.00 NS | 0.11 *** | 0.07 *** | −0.01 * | ||
Production | −0.01 NS | 0.13 NS | −0.38 NS | ||||||
Redistribution | 0.1 *** | 0.16 *** | 0.08 *** | 0.02 *** | 0.02 *** | 0.01 *** | |||
Ecosystem Services | Air Quality | 0.00 NS | 0.00 NS | 0.02 *** | 0.02 *** | 0.01 ** | |||
Food/Fiber/Fuel | 0.00 NS | 0.12 ** | −0.17 *** | −0.12 *** | −0.09 *** | 0.12 *** | 0.20 *** | −0.04 *** | |
Greenspace | 0.02 @ | −0.01 @ | 0.03 *** | 0.06 *** | 0.00 NS | −0.03 *** | −0.08 *** | 0.02 *** | |
Water Quality | 0.02 NS | 0.09 *** | −0.03 *** | −0.01 NS | 0.00 NS | 0.00 NS | |||
Water Quantity | 0.00 NS | 0.02 * | 0.00 NS | 0.00 NS | 0.04 *** | 0.00 NS | 0.00 NS | ||
Social Services | Activism | 0.00 NS | 0.01* | ||||||
Communication | 0.00 NS | −0.65 *** | 0.17 *** | 0.11 *** | 0.18 *** | −0.16 *** | 0.00 NS | ||
Community Initiatives | 0.00 NS | 0.12 *** | −0.02 * | 0.08 *** | 0.03 *** | ||||
Educational Services | 0.00 NS | 0.00 NS | 0.01 NS | 0.03 *** | |||||
Emergency Prepared | 0.00 NS | 0.01 NS | −0.17 *** | −0.02 NS | |||||
Family Services | 0.00 NS | −0.86 *** | 0.15 *** | 0.00 NS | 0.06 * | 0.00 NS | −0.08 *** | ||
Healthcare Service | −0.01 NS | −0.70 *** | 0.27 *** | 0.20 *** | 0.26 *** | −0.28 *** | 0.00 NS | ||
Justice | 0.00 NS | 0.03 NS | 0.05 *** | 0.05 ** | 0.01 NS | −0.01 NS | |||
Labor | 0.00 NS | 0.13 *** | 0.33 *** | −0.15 *** | 0.10 *** | ||||
Public Works | 0.11 ** | −0.03 * | −0.05 *** | 0.00 NS | −0.18 *** |
Domain PC Variance Explained | Metrics |
---|---|
Connection Nature | |
PC1: 1.00 | Biophilia: Connection to all of life (1.00) |
Culture Fulfillment | |
PC1: 0.50 | Participation:Performing arts attendance (−0.71); Belonging to religious denomination (0.71) |
Education | Basic Skills: Standard math test achievement (0.94); Standard reading test achievement (0.95); Standard science test achievement (0.95) |
PC1: 0.37 | |
PC2: 0.24 | Attainment:High school graduation rate (0.79); Post-secondary education enrollment (0.89); Post-secondary education graduation (0.82) |
PC3: 0.17 | Social Development: Children feeling unsafe at school (0.26); Children’s positive social behavior (−0.92); Attainment: Adult illiteracy rate (0.76) |
Health | Care: Regular doctor visits (0.47); Satisfaction with hospital care (−0.33); Life Expectancy/Mortality: Asthma mortality rate (−0.49); Infant mortality rate (−0.65); Life expectancy at birth (0.89); Lifestyle/Behavior: Healthy Behaviors Index (0.36); Teen pregnancy rate (−0.37); Teen smoking rate (−0.80; Physical/Mental Conditions: Lifetime child asthma rate (−0.55); Lifetime adult diabetes rate (0.49); Adult obesity rate (0.60) |
PC1: 0.17 | |
PC2: 0.13 | Personal Well-Being:Happiness (−0.81); Life satisfaction (−0.51); Perceived health (−0.51); Physical/Mental Conditions: Lifetime adult asthma rate (0.31); Lifetime adult cancer rate (0.20); Lifetime adult depression rate (0.80);Lifetime adult heart attack rate (0.53); Lifetime adult heart disease rate (0.73); Lifetime adult stroke rate (0.50) |
PC3: 0.12 | Life Expectancy/Mortality: Cancer mortality rate (−0.64); Diabetes mortality rate (0.72); Heart disease mortality rate (0.76); Suicide mortality rate (0.72); Lifestyle/Behavior: Alcoholic beverage consumption (−0.31) |
Leisure Time | Participation: Physical activity participation (0.68); Work: Long work hours (0.84); Regular daytime work hours (0.84) |
PC1: 0.47 | |
PC2: 0.26 | Participation: Time spent on vacation (0.98) |
Living Standards | Income: Median household income (0.91); Poverty rate (−0.84); Persistent poverty rate (−0.45); Wealth: Median home value (0.80); Mortgage debt (−0.66); Basic Necessities: Home ownership cost/income ratio (0.44); |
PC1: 0.43 | |
PC2: 0.14 | Work: No fear of job loss (1.0) |
Safety/Security | Actual Safety: Property crime rate (0.97); Violent crime rate (0.96) |
PC1: 0.39 | |
PC2: 0.29 | Actual Safety: Accidental death rate (0.70); Natural event injury and death rate (0.62); Millions of dollars in natural event damage (−0.76); |
Social Cohesion | Engagement: Participation in organized group (0.95); Volunteer rate (0.95); Community: Perception that others are helpful (0.96); Support: Having close family or friends (−0.87); Democracy: Interest in politics (−0.82); Satisfaction with democracy (−0.45); |
PC1: 0.30 | |
PC2: 0.18 | Democracy: Trust in government (0.90); Voice in government (0.85); Community: Trust in people (0.89); |
PC3: 0.17 | Bonding: Time spent watching television (0.71); Support: Getting emotional or social support (−0.73);Community:City satisfaction (−0.47); Democracy: Registered voters (0.52); Voter turnout (0.73); Engagement: Child organized activity participation (0.63); |
Service PC Variance Explained | Metrics |
---|---|
Capital Investment | Capital Formation: Per capita domestic investment (0.98); Commercial Durables: Yearly change in private inventories (0.48); Housing Starts: New housing units per capita (0.34); Infrastructure Investment: Per capita investment in private equipment (0.23); Per capita in private construction (0.97); Per capita in public equipment (−0.80); Per capita in public construction (0.84) |
PC1: 0.52 | |
Consumption | Cost of Living: Average consumer price index (0.93); Discretionary Spending: Personal discretionary spending (0.97); Goods and Services: Personal durable goods consumption (0.59); Personal non-durable goods consumption (0.99); Personal services consumption (0.99); Sustainable Consumption: Per capita spending on agricultural marketing (0.69) |
PC1: 0.77 | |
Employment | Employment: Percent employed (−0.69);Unemployment: Percent unemployed (0.75); Employment Inequality: Ogive Index (0.62) |
PC1: 0.26 | |
PC2: 0.23 | Employment:Manufacturing employees per capita (0.58); Manufacturing employees per capita (0.60); Percent self-employed (−0.62) |
Finance | Governance: Total domestic revenues per capita (−0.98); Gross public debt per capita (−0.93); Loans: Commercial loans per capita (0.95); Individual loans per capita (0.88); Real estate loans per capita (0.98); Savings: Personal savings per capita (0.99); Finance employees per capita (−0.15) |
PC1: 0.78 | |
Innovation | Investment: Research investment per capita (0.72); Patents: Patents per capita (−0.72) |
PC1: 0.51 | |
Production | Exports: Exports as percent GDP (0.25); Services: Volunteer participation per capita (0.95); Market Goods and Services: Yearly change in GDP (0.59); Sustainable Production: Expenditures on renewables per capita (−0.92) |
PC1: 0.54 | |
Re-Distribution | Income Equality:GINI Index (0.62); Public Support: Percent population using food stamps (0.81); Percent population receiving cash assistance (0.75) |
PC1: 0.32 | |
PC2: 0.23 | Public Support: Childcare funding per capita (−0.54); Percent population on social security (0.81) |
Service PC Variance Explained | Metrics |
---|---|
Air Quality | Usable Air: Percent canopy cover (air pollutant removal) (0.95); Percent canopy cover in developed space (urban heat reduction) (0.95); Percent good Air Quality Index (0.23) |
PC1: 0.62 | |
Food/Fiber | |
Provisioning | Food/Fiber: Total factor productivity (0.91); Food production index (0.74); Raw Material: Metric tons of clay, salt, stone mining (−0.84) |
PC1: 0.25 | |
PC2: 0.19 | Food/Fiber: Crop production index (0.88); Percent prime farmland (0.81) |
PC3: 0.18 | Food/Fiber: Percent farmland (0.70); Land area suited for forestry (0.77); Percent forest cover (0.64) |
PC4: 0.12 | Food/Fiber: Fish and shellfish landings (0.96) |
Greenspace | Natural Areas:Percent natural area (0.93); Annual visitors to national parks (0.21); Recreation: Species richness (0.90); Species richness (0.95); Water area per capita (−0.38) |
PC1: 0.56 | |
Water Quality | Usable Water:Percent waterbodies assessed as good (0.70); Relative erosion potential (0.76); Percent good beach days (0.44) |
PC1: 0.36 | |
Water Quantity | Available Water:Percent area not in flood zone(−0.80);Available water storage (0.79); Percent area not drought vulnerable (0.71) |
PC1: 0.38 | |
PC2: 0.22 | Available Water:Number of flood events (−0.61); Percent days with no drought risk (0.81) |
Service PC Variance Explained | Metrics |
---|---|
Activism | Participation: Individual donations to political organizations (0.71); Religious/civic/similar service employees per capita (0.71) |
PC1: 0.50 | |
Communication | Accessibility: Percent population with cell phone subscription (0.94); Percent households with telephone (0.83); Infrastructure: Percent households with broadband (0.96); Public Services: Number of promotion projects (−0.87); Federal spending per capita on public broadcasting (0.62); Spending per capita on public broadcasting (−0.83); Quality: Voice and Accountability Index (−0.90) |
PC1: 0.58 | |
PC2: 0.14 | Providers: Information employees per capita (0.96); Information employees per capita (0.13); |
Community | |
Initiatives | Investment: Federal spending per capita on arts and museums (0.86); Arts and culture employees per capita (0.87) |
PC1: 0.30 | |
PC2: 0.29 | Investment:Arts and culture employees per capita (0.85); Spending per capita on film industry (−0.84) |
PC3: 0.20 | Providers: Non-profits per capita (0.99); |
Educational Services | Investment: Education expenditures per capita (0.90); Federal education spending per capita (0.88); Per pupil spending (0.93); Providers: Education employees per capita (0.58); Accessibility: Percent students receiving financial aid (0.53) |
PC1: 0.28 | |
PC2: 0.16 | Providers: Education, Health, Social employees per capita (0.79); Education, training, and library employees per capita (0.73); Accessibility: Percent schools with alternate education (0.60) |
PC3: 0.13 | Providers: Teachers per capita (0.71); Confidence: Student to teacher ratio (−0.88) |
PC3: 0.12 | Confidence: Cumulative Promotion Index (0.88); Accessibility: Public schools per capita (−0.73) |
Emergency Preparedness | Pre-disaster Planning:Flood insurance policies per capita (−0.84); Insurance employees per capita (0.94); Insurance and finance employees per capita (0.11); Federal non-disaster emergency management spending per capita (0.95); Responders: Protective service employees per capita (0.14); Post-disaster Response: Public Health Emergency Preparedness funding per capita (−0.91) |
PC1: 0.37 | |
PC2: 0.23 | Responders: Emergency employees per capita (0.88); Public safety budget per capita (0.76); Post-disaster Response: Dollars per flood claim (0.48); Federal spending on disaster response per capita (−0.71); |
Family Services | Accessibility: Days to child services (0.82); Percent of homeless with shelter (0.70); Effectiveness: Percent of adoptions taking less than one year (−0.57); Providers: Family services employees per child (0.87); Education, Health, and Social services employees per capita (0.43); Community and social services employees per capita (0.11) |
PC1: 0.29 | |
PC2: 0.28 | Effectiveness: Rate of preventative services (0.65); Percent without a maltreatment recurrence (0.90); Investment: Federal spending on child welfare per capita (0.72); Spending on public welfare per capita (0.67); Providers: Family services employees per capita (0.86) |
Healthcare | Investment: Federal spending on health and human services per capita (0.91); Health expenditures per capita (0.92); Providers: Health employees per capita (0.95); Quality: Percent treated properly for heart attack (0.62); Percent treated properly for heart failure (0.40); Percent treated properly for pneumonia (0.60); Percent treated properly for surgical infection (0.40); Accessibility: Medicare enrollees per capita (0.96); |
Services | |
PC1: 0.35 | |
PC2: 0.13 | Accessibility: Health facilities per capita (0.86); Percent population with Medicare (0.77); |
PC3: 0.13 | Providers: Health, Education, or Social employees per capita(−0.49); Health practitioners or support per capita (−0.57);Accessibility: Percent insured (0.78); Health Professional Shortage Areas Score (0.37); |
Justice | Environmental Justice: Federal environmental grants per capita (0.72); Investment: Justice and public safety spending per capita (0.91); Federal environmental financial aid per capita (0.90); Environmental spending per capita (0.89); Quality: Percent convictions in criminal cases (0.70); Rule of Law Index (−0.69); |
PC1: 0.29 | |
PC2: 0.17 | Accessibility: Clearance rate of appellate cases (0.60); Investment: Federal justice spending per capita (0.89); Providers: Justice employees per capita (−0.55); |
PC3: 0.10 | Accessibility: Clearance rate of trial cases (0.74); Environmental Justice: Population within 1000 m of toxic release facilities(−0.46); Providers: Government employees per capita (0.26); Legal service employees per capita (0.76); Quality: Percent convictions in criminal cases (−0.16); |
Labor | Confidence:Federal labor financial aid per capita (−0.51); Effectiveness: Rate of injuries to workers (0.80); Rate of injuries to workers (0.93); Rights: Percent employees filing Equal Employment Opportunity charges (−0.88) |
PC1: 0.64 | |
Public Works | Accessibility: Percent using public transportation(−0.38); Investment: Federal transportation financial aid per capita (0.65); Bus and maritime spending per capita (0.93); National park spending per capita (0.58); Federal highway financial aid per capita (0.66); Highway spending per capita (0.90); Public utility spending per capita (0.92); Providers:Utility and transportation employees per capita (−0.88); Quantity:Percent of time not under outage (−0.84); Quality:Airport passengers per year (−0.87) |
PC1: 0.31 | |
PC2: 0.13 | Accessibility: Water quality violations per facility (−0.41); Investment: Federal environmental financial aid per capita (0.66); Federal telecommunications financial aid per capita (−0.51); Quantity: Percent of landfill waste diverted (0.75); Fraction of roads in good condition (0.25) |
PC3: 0.09 | Providers:Utility and transportation employees per capita(−0.34);Quantity: Percent of bridges with no structural deficiencies (0.89); Recycling facilities per capita (−0.90); Quality: Percent of bridges not functionally obsolete (0.23); Traffic per km of road (0.16) |
Key to Shading | Connect to Nat. PC1 (Biophilia) | Cultural Fulfill. PC1 (Lack of arts attend.) | Education PC1 (Basic skills) | Education PC2 (Attainment) | Education PC3 (Social development) | Health PC1 (Life expectancy) | Health PC2 (Disease rates) | Health PC3 (Mortality rates) | Leisure Time PC1 (Work hours) | Leisure Time PC2 (Vacation) | Living Standards PC1 (Income and wealth) | Living Standards PC2 (No fear of job loss) | Safety/Security PC1 (Crime rate) | Safety/Security PC2 Accidental Death) | Social Cohesion PC1 (Social engagement) | Social Cohesion PC2 (Trust in government) | Social Cohesion PC3 (Voter turnout) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1–10% of R2 | ||||||||||||||||||
10–20% of R2 | ||||||||||||||||||
20–30% of R2 | ||||||||||||||||||
30–40% of R2 | ||||||||||||||||||
>40% of R2 | ||||||||||||||||||
>60% of R2 | ||||||||||||||||||
Numb. of Models | 407 | 11 | 2 | 4 | 1 | 8 | 12 | 9 | 2 | 31 | 1 | 2 | 7 | 447 | 126 | 1 | 2 | |
R Fixed | 0.01 | 0.04 | 0.48 | 0.49 | 0.39 | 0.33 | 0.08 | 0.24 | 0.48 | 0.54 | 0.49 | 0.12 | 0.11 | 0.54 | 0.11 | 0.41 | 0.54 | |
R Total | 0.1 | 0.4 | 0.99 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 0.99 | 0.15 | 0.30 | 1.00 | 0.98 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 0.18 | 0.97 | 0.23 | 0.86 | 1.00 | |
% Contribution of | ||||||||||||||||||
Economic Serv. | 40.7 | 19.1 | 1.2 | 45.7 | 63.7 | 51.2 | 10.8 | 0.0 | 2.1 | 66.2 | 45.9 | 2.3 | 26.2 | 98 | 28.6 | 4.6 | 42.4 | |
Ecosystem Serv. | 38.1 | 40.1 | 6.2 | 6.7 | 2.8 | 0.0 | 30.8 | 21.6 | 5.5 | 0.9 | 8.0 | 7.2 | 29.3 | 0.5 | 32.0 | 2.3 | 3.7 | |
Social Serv. | 21.2 | 40.9 | 92.6 | 47.6 | 33.5 | 48.8 | 58.4 | 78.4 | 92.4 | 32.9 | 46.1 | 90.6 | 44.5 | 1.5 | 39.3 | 93.1 | 53.9 | |
Intercept | −0.09** | 0.11 NS | 0.13 NS | 0.15 NS | 0.09 NS | 0.02 NS | −0.02 NS | −0.02 NS | −0.03 NS | 0.01 NS | 0.00 NS | 0.01 NS | 0.00 NS | 0.00 NS | −0.13** | 0.05 NS | 0.05 NS | |
Economic Services | Capit. Invest. PC1 | 0.00 NS | 0.00 NS | |||||||||||||||
Consumpt. PC1 | 0.46 *** | |||||||||||||||||
Employ. PC1 | 0.02 * | 0.06 *** | 0.04 *** | 0.00 NS | 0.05 *** | −0.01 *** | 0.10 *** | −0.03 *** | ||||||||||
Employment PC2 | 0.00 NS | 0.00 NS | 0.09 *** | 0.05 *** | −0.01 *** | −0.01 *** | −0.07 *** | 0.00 NS | ||||||||||
Finance PC1 | 5.71 *** | 1.36 *** | −1.14 *** | −0.40 *** | 6.77 *** | −0.02 NS | −2.62 *** | |||||||||||
Innovation PC1 | 0.00 NS | −0.05 *** | 0.15 *** | 0.03 *** | −0.04 * | 0.00 NS | 0.13 *** | −0.05 *** | −0.03* | |||||||||
Production PC1 | −0.43 *** | |||||||||||||||||
Re-distrib. PC1 | −0.04 *** | 0.02 @ | −0.06 *** | −0.18 *** | 0.003 *** | 0.12 *** | 0.01 *** | 0.11 *** | 0.08 *** | −0.09 *** | ||||||||
Re-distrib. PC2 | 0.04 *** | 0.03 *** | −0.06 *** | −0.02 *** | 0.03 ** | 0.00 NS | 0.00 NS | −0.06 *** | −0.03 *** | |||||||||
Ecosystem Services | Air Quality PC1 | 0.00 NS | 0.01 NS | −0.05 *** | 0.00 NS | 0.00 NS | 0.01 *** | −0.02 *** | 0.003 *** | 0.03 *** | ||||||||
Food/Fiber PC1 | 0.00 NS | 0.16 *** | 0.14 *** | −0.13 *** | −0.03 *** | |||||||||||||
Food/Fiber PC2 | 0.00 NS | −0.03 *** | 0.10 *** | −0.03 *** | −0.03 *** | −0.01 NS | 0.00 NS | −0.09 *** | −0.01 *** | 0.12 *** | 0.05 *** | |||||||
Food/Fiber PC3 | 0.00 NS | 0.11 *** | −0.18 *** | −0.05 *** | 0.05 *** | −0.09 *** | 0.01 *** | −0.17 *** | −0.01 *** | −0.04 *** | 0.00 NS | 0.09 *** | ||||||
Food/Fiber PC4 | 0.06 *** | 0.06 *** | 0.06 *** | 0.00 NS | 0.004 *** | 0.00 NS | 0.01 NS | 0.02 ** | ||||||||||
Greenspace PC1 | 0.00 NS | 0.05 *** | 0.00 NS | −0.12 *** | ||||||||||||||
Water Qual. PC1 | 0.00 NS | 0.00 NS | −0.02 *** | 0.01 NS | 0.03 ** | −0.05 *** | 0.00 NS | 0.00 NS | −0.01 NS | −0.004 ** | −0.01 NS | −0.04 *** | 0.00 NS | |||||
Water Quan. PC1 | 0.00 NS | 0.01 NS | 0.01NS | 0.00 NS | 0.02 NS | 0.01 NS | −0.02 ** | 0.00 NS | 0.07 *** | 0.003 ** | −0.01 *** | 0.04 ** | −0.07 *** | −0.02 *** | ||||
Water Quan. PC2 | 0.00 NS | 0.03 ** | 0.04 *** | 0.01 *** | 0.09 *** | 0.01 *** | 0.08 *** | 0.004 *** | −0.03** | −0.01 * | −0.01 NS | −0.04 *** | −0.02 *** | |||||
Social Services | Activism PC1 | 0.00 NS | 0.07 *** | 0.01 NS | 0.01 *** | 0.06** | −0.01 * | 0.11 *** | ||||||||||
Communicat. PC1 | −0.3 *** | 0.02 ** | 0.06 * | |||||||||||||||
Communicat. PC2 | 0.01 NS | 0.53 *** | 0.00 NS | −0.05 *** | 0.00 NS | 0.05 NS | ||||||||||||
Comm. Init. PC1 | −0.03 ** | −0.03 *** | −0.20 *** | 0.18 *** | 0.12 *** | 0.00 NS | 0.01 NS | 0.08 *** | ||||||||||
Comm. Init. PC2 | 0.01 NS | 0.00 NS | −0.12 *** | −0.04 *** | 0.02 ** | 0.09 *** | 0.02 *** | −0.12 *** | 0.00 NS | 0.00 NS | −0.03 NS | 0.07 *** | ||||||
Comm. Init. PC3 | 0.00 NS | 0.12 *** | −0.02 *** | 0.00 NS | −0.04 ** | −0.08 *** | −0.01 ** | −0.003 *** | 0.06 *** | 0.00 NS | 0.07 *** | |||||||
Education PC1 | 0.00 NS | −0.11 *** | −0.01 *** | 0.00 NS | −0.10 *** | |||||||||||||
Education PC2 | −0.03 *** | −0.02 ** | −0.06 *** | 0.35 *** | 0.08 *** | −0.08 *** | −0.13 *** | 0.34 *** | 0.32 *** | 0.02 @ | 0.00 NS | 0.00 NS | 0.11 *** | −0.20 *** | ||||
Education PC3 | 0.00 NS | 0.00 NS | −0.02 NS | −0.04 *** | −0.01 NS | 0.00 NS | −0.02 NS | |||||||||||
Education PC4 | 0.00 NS | −0.02 ** | 0.01 *** | −0.03 * | 0.01 ** | −0.06 *** | −0.05 *** | 0.00 NS | −0.06 *** | 0.05 *** | ||||||||
Emerg. Prep. PC1 | −0.57 *** | −0.10 *** | 0.20 *** | 0.13 *** | −0.60 *** | −0.14 *** | −0.02 NS | 0.20 *** | ||||||||||
Emerg. Prep. PC2 | 0.00 NS | −1.90 *** | −0.01 NS | 0.00 NS | ||||||||||||||
Family Serv. PC1 | 0.00 NS | −0.31 *** | 0.88 *** | 0.19 *** | 0.36 *** | 0.00 NS | −0.01 NS | −0.26 *** | ||||||||||
Family Serv. PC2 | 0.00 NS | 0.58 *** | −0.13 *** | 0.00 NS | −0.03 NS | |||||||||||||
Healthcare PC1 | −0.14 *** | 0.09 *** | 0.00 NS | |||||||||||||||
Healthcare PC2 | 0.00 NS | 0.06 *** | −0.08 *** | 0.01 *** | 0.00 NS | 0.10 *** | −0.01 ** | 0.00 NS | 0.004 *** | −0.12 *** | 0.01 *** | −0.13 *** | −0.11 *** | |||||
Healthcare PC3 | 0.00 NS | 0.04 *** | 0.02 NS | −0.11 *** | −0.03 *** | −0.09 *** | 0.00 NS | −0.04 *** | 0.00 NS | −0.10 *** | 0.05 *** | |||||||
Justice PC1 | 0.48 *** | −3.82 *** | 0.32 *** | 0.2 *** | −0.06 *** | |||||||||||||
Justice PC2 | 0.00 NS | −0.01 NS | 0.00 NS | 0.01 NS | 0.92 *** | |||||||||||||
Justice PC3 | 0.00 NS | −0.05 *** | −0.02 *** | −0.08 *** | 0.00 NS | −0.04 *** | 0.10 *** | |||||||||||
Labor PC1 | 0.00 NS | −0.02 ** | 0.05 *** | 0.11 *** | 0.01 NS | 0.00 NS | 0.04 NS | |||||||||||
Pub. Works PC1 | −0.98 *** | 0.70 *** | 0.31 *** | −0.14 *** | 1.00 *** | 0.01 ** | −0.01 NS | 0.00 NS | −0.55 *** | |||||||||
Pub. Works PC2 | 0.00 NS | 0.01 NS | 0.05 NS | −0.04 *** | −0.05 * | 0.16 *** | 0.00 NS | 0.00 NS | ||||||||||
Pub. Works PC3 | 0.00 NS | 0.00 NS | 0.12 *** | 0.00 NS |
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WELL-BEING DOMAIN: Indicator: Metrics |
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CONNECTION TO NATURE: Biophilia: Connection to all of life (1) [37] |
CULTURAL FULFILLMENT: Cultural Activity: Performing arts attendance (1) [38]; Belonging to religious denomination (1) [37] |
EDUCATION: Basic Skills of Youth: Standard math test achievement (2) [39]; Standard reading test achievement (2) [39]; Standard science test achievement (2) [39] |
Participation/Attainment: Adult illiteracy rate (3) [40]; High school graduation rate (14) [32]; Post-secondary education enrollment (14) [32]; Post-secondary education graduation (14) [32] |
Social Aspects: Children feeling unsafe at school (5) [41]; Children’s health (4) [42]; Children’s social behavior (5) [41] |
HEALTH: Care: Regular doctor visits (17) [43]; Satisfaction with hospital care (2) [43] |
Life Expectancy/Mortality: Asthma mortality rate (16) [44]; Cancer mortality rate (16) [44]; Diabetes mortality rate (16) [44]; Heart disease mortality rate (16) [44]; Infant mortality rate (18) [44]; Life expectancy at birth (18) [45]; Suicide mortality rate (16) [44] |
Personal Well-Being: Happiness (1) [37]; Life satisfaction (6) [43]; Perceived health (18) [43] |
Lifestyle/Behavior: Alcoholic beverage consumption (17) [43]; Healthy Behaviors Index (9) [43]; Teen pregnancy rate (18) [43]; Teen smoking rate (4) [41] |
Physical/Mental Conditions: Lifetime adult asthma rate (18) [43]; Lifetime adult cancer rate (8) [43]; Lifetime child asthma rate (13) [43]; Lifetime adult depression rate (9) [43]; Lifetime adult diabetes rate (18) [43]; Lifetime adult heart attack rate (14) [43]; Lifetime adult heart disease rate (14) [43]; Adult obesity rate (18) [43]; Lifetime adult stroke rate (14) [43] |
LEISURE TIME: Leisure Activity: Physical activity participation (18) [43]; Time spent on vacation (10) [46] |
Time Spent: Time spent on leisure or relaxing (1) [47] |
Working Age Adults: Percent working long work hours (12) [48]; Percent daytime work hours (12) [48] |
LIVING STANDARDS: Basic Necessities: Food security (1) [49]; Home ownership cost/income ratio (13) [32] |
Income: Median household income (13) [32]; Poverty rate (13) [32]; Persistent poverty rate (11) [32] |
Wealth: Median home value (13) [32]; Mortgage debt (13) [32] |
Work: No fear of job loss (13) [50]; Job satisfaction (1) [51] |
SAFETY/SECURITY: Actual Safety: Accidental death rate (16) [44]; Natural event injury/death rate (15) [52]; Millions of dollars in natural event damage (17) [52]; Property crime rate (17) [53]; Violent crime rate (17) [53] |
Perceived Safety: Perceived safety (1) [54] |
Risk: Social Vulnerability Index (1) [55] |
SOCIAL COHESION: Attitude Toward Community: Trust in people (1) [37]; City satisfaction (6) [56]; Feeling close to one’s town or city (1) [57]; Perception that others are helpful (1) [37] |
Democratic Engagement: Interest in politics (1) [37]; Registered voters (4) [58]; Satisfaction with democracy (1) [37]; Trust in government (1) [37]; Voice in government (1) [37]; Voter turnout (4) [58] |
Family Bonding: Time spent watching television (5) [41] |
Social Engagement: Child organized activity participation (5) [41]; Participation in organized group (1) [35]; Volunteer rate (1) [35] |
Social Support: Having close family or friends (1) [35]; Getting emotional or social support (6) [43] |
ECONOMIC SERVICE: Indicator: Metrics |
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CAPITAL INVESTMENT: Capital Formation: Per capita domestic investment (18) [59]; Commercial Durables: Yearly change in private inventories (10) [60]; New Housing Starts: New housing units per capita (18) [61]; Infrastructure Investments: Per capita investment in private equipment (10) [60]; Per capita in private construction (10) [60]; Per capita investment in public equipment (10) [60]; Per capita in public construction (10) [60] |
CONSUMPTION: Cost of Living: Average consumer price index (18) [59]; Discretionary Spending: Personal discretionary spending (10) [60]; Goods and Services: Personal durable goods consumption (10) [60]; Personal non-durable goods consumption (10) [60]; Personal services consumption (10) [60]; Sustainable Consumption: Per capita spending on agricultural marketing (11) [62] |
EMPLOYMENT: Employment: Percent employed (14) [32]; Manufacturing employees per capita (10) [32]; Manufacturing employees per capita (18) [63]; Percent self-employed (10) [64]; Employment Diversity: Ogive Index (10) [32]; Unemployment: Percent unemployed(14) [32] |
FINANCE: Governance: Total domestic revenues per capita (9) [65]; Gross public debt per capita (11) [66]; Loans: Commercial loans per capita (9) [65]; Individual loans per capita (9) [65]; Real estate loans per capita (9) [65]; Savings: Personal savings per capita (9) [65]; Finance employees per capita (10) [32] |
INNOVATION: Investment: Research investment per capita (11) [67]; Patents and Products: Patents per capita (16) [68] |
PRODUCTION: Exports: Exports as percent GDP (18) [69]; Household Services: Volunteer participation per capita (14) [70]; Market Goods and Services: Yearly change in GDP (18) [59]; Sustainable Production: Expenditures on renewables per capita (17) [71] |
RE-DISTRIBUTION: Income Equality: GINI Index (12) [32]; Public Support: Childcare funding per capita (15) [72]; Percent population using food stamps (9) [32]; Percent population on social security (10) [32]; Percent population receiving cash assistance (9) [32] |
ECOSYSTEM SERVICE: Indicator: Metrics |
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AIR QUALITY: Usable Air: Percent canopy cover (air pollutant removal) (2) [73,74,75]; Percent good Air Quality Index (18) [76]; Percent canopy cover in developed space (urban heat reduction) (2) [73,74,75,77] |
FOOD/FIBER/FUEL PROVISIONING: Food and Fiber: Crop production index (1) [78]; Percent farmland (4) [79]; Total factor productivity (14) [80]; Fish and shellfish landings (5) [81]; Food production index (17) [82]; Percent prime farmland (1) [78]; Land area suited for forestry (1) [83]; Percent forest cover (2) [74,75]; Raw Materials: Metric tons of clay, salt, stone mining (16) [84] |
GREENSPACE: Natural Areas: Percent natural area (2) [74,75]; Annual visitors to national parks (18) [85]; Recreation/Aesthetics: Species richness (1) [86]; Species richness (2) [74,75,86]; Water area per capita (2) [87] |
WATER QUALITY: Usable Water: Percent good beach days (17) [88]; Percent waterbodies assessed as good (7) [89]; Relative erosion potential (1) [90] |
WATER QUANTITY: Available Water: Percent area not drought vulnerable (1) [78]; Percent area not in flood zone (1) [91]; Number of flood events (18) [92]; Percent days with no drought risk (18) [93]; Available water storage (1) [78] |
SOCIAL SERVICE: Indicator: Metrics |
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ACTIVISM: Participation: Individual donations to political organizations (18) [94]; Religious/civic employees per capita (14) [32]; |
COMMUNICATION: Accessibility: Percent population with cell phone subscription (18) [69]; Percent households with telephone (14) [32]; Industry Infrastructure: Percent households with broadband (17) [69]; Providers: Information employees per capita (18) [63]; Information employees per capita (10) [32]; Public Services Communication: Number of promotion projects (10) [65]; Federal spending per capita on public broadcasting (11) [62]; Spending per capita on public broadcasting (14) [95]; Quality: Voice and Accountability Index (18) [96] |
COMMUNITY-/FAITH-BASED INITIATIVES: Investment: Arts/culture employees per capita (10) [32]; Arts/culture employees per capita (18) [63]; Federal spending per capita on arts/museums (11) [62]; Spending per capita on film industry (14) [95]; Providers: Non-profits per capita (1) [97] |
EDUCATIONAL SERVICES: Accessibility: Percent schools with alternate education (17) [98]; Percent students receiving financial aid (14) [99]; Public schools per capita (17) [100]; Confidence: Cumulative Promotion Index (17) [100,101]; Investment: Education expenditures per capita (14) [95]; Federal education spending per capita (11) [62]; Per pupil spending (16) [100]; Providers: Education employees per capita (18) [63]; Education, Health, Social employees per capita (10) [32]; Teachers per capita (17) [100]; Education/training/library employees per capita (10) [102]; Student/teacher ratio (17) [100] |
EMERGENCY PREPAREDNESS: Post-Disaster Response: Public Health Emergency Preparedness funding per capita (10) [103]; Dollars per flood claim (16) [104]; Federal disaster response spending per capita (11) [62]; Pre-Planning Disaster: Flood insurance policies per capita (8) [105]; Insurance employees per capita (18) [63]; Insurance and finance employees per capita (10) [32]; Federal non-disaster emergency management spending per capita (11) [62]; Responders: Emergency employees per capita (18) [63]; Public safety budget per capita (14) [95]; Protective service employees per capita (10) [102]; |
FAMILY SERVICES: Accessibility: Days to child services (8) [106]; Percent homeless with shelter (13) [107]; Effectiveness: Percent adoptions taking less than one year (16) [108]; Rate of preventative services (12) [109]; Percent without a maltreatment recurrence (10) [109]; Investment: Federal spending on child welfare per capita (11) [62]; Spending on public welfare per capita (14) [95]; Providers: Family services employees per capita (18) [63]; Family services employees per child (12) [109]; Education, Health, and Social services employees per capita (10) [32]; Community and social services employees per capita (10) [102] |
HEALTHCARE SERVICE: Accessibility: Health facilities per capita (1) [110]; Percent insured (10) [32]; Health Professional Shortage Areas Score (1) [110]; Medicare enrollees per capita (18) [111]; Percent population with Medicare (9) [32]; Investment: Federal spending on health and human services per capita (11) [62]; Health expenditures per capita (14) [95]; Providers: Health employees per capita (18) [63]; Health, Education, or Social employees per capita (10) [32]; Health practitioners or support per capita (10) [102]; Quality: Percent treated properly for heart attack (10) [112]; Percent treated properly for heart failure (11) [112]; Percent treated properly for pneumonia (11) [112]; Percent treated properly for surgical infection (11) [112] |
JUSTICE: Accessibility: Clearance rate of appellate cases (15) [113]; Clearance rate of trial cases (8) [113]; Environmental: Federal environmental grants per capita (15) [114]; Population within 1000 m of toxic release facilities (18) [115]; Investment: Federal justice spending per capita (11) [62]; Justice and public safety spending per capita (14) [95]; Federal environmental financial aid per capita (11) [62]; Environmental spending per capita (14) [95]; Providers: Justice employees per capita (18) [63]; Government employees per capita (10) [32]; Legal service employees per capita (10) [102]; Quality: Percent convictions in criminal cases (12) [113]; Percent convictions in criminal cases (8) [113]; Rule of Law Index (18) [116] |
LABOR: Confidence: Federal labor financial aid per capita (11) [62]; Effectiveness: Rate of non-injuries to workers (10) [117]; Rate of non-injuries to workers (18) [117]; Employee Rights: Percent employees not filing Equal Employment Opportunity charges (9) [32,118] |
PUBLIC WORKS: Accessibility: Percent using public transportation (14) [32]; Water quality violations per facility (18) [119]; Investment: Federal transportation financial aid per capita (11) [62]; Bus and maritime spending per capita (14) [95]; Federal environmental financial aid per capita (11) [62]; National park spending per capita (14) [95]; Federal highway financial aid per capita (11) [62]; Highway spending per capita (14) [95]; Federal telecommunications financial aid per capita (11) [62]; Public utility spending per capita (14) [95]; Providers: Utility and transportation employees per capita (18) [63]; Utility and transportation employees per capita (10) [32]; Quality: Percent of bridges with no structural deficiencies (18) [120]; Percent of landfill waste diverted (12) [121]; Recycling facilities per capita (1) [121]; Percent of time not under outage (18) [122]; Fraction of roads in good condition (11) [123]; Quantity: Airport passengers per year (13) [124]; Percent of bridges not functionally obsolete (18) [120]; Traffic per km of road (13) [125] |
Step 1: Tract Set 1 vs. County Set 1 | Step 2: County Set 1 vs. County Set 2 | Accuracy: Known vs. Predicted | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total Metrics (# Tract-Scale) | Mean R2 | Mean # of Predictor Variables | Mean R2 | Mean r (Tract-Scale) | Mean r (County-Scale) | |
Well-Being Domains | ||||||
Connect. to Nature | 1 (0) | — | 7.0 | 0.41 | — | 1.00 |
Cultural Fulfill. | 2 (0) | — | 7.0 | 0.30 | — | 1.00 |
Education | 9 (3) | 0.48 | 1.9 | 0.71 | 0.96 | 0.89 |
Health | 25 (0) | — | 5.1 | 0.74 | — | 1.00 |
Leisure Time | 4 (0) | — | 4.3 | 0.68 | — | 1.00 |
Living Standards | 7 (6) | 0.64 | 1.1 | 0.99 | 0.88 | 0.72 |
Safety/Security | 5 (0) | — | 4.8 | 0.94 | — | 1.00 |
Social Cohesion | 15 (0) | — | 5.9 | 0.64 | — | 1.00 |
Economic Services | ||||||
Capital Invest. | 7 (1) | 0.37 | 5.4 | 1.00 | 0.94 | 0.94 |
Consumption | 6 (0) | — | 6.3 | 1.00 | — | 1.00 |
Employment | 6 (4) | 0.82 | 2.8 | 1.00 | 0.89 | 0.87 |
Finance | 7 (1) | 0.95 | 6.6 | 1.00 | 0.99 | 1.00 |
Innovation | 2 (0) | — | 6.5 | 0.56 | — | 0.97 |
Production | 4 (0) | — | 4.8 | 1.00 | — | 1.00 |
Re Distribution | 5 (4) | 0.86 | 2.4 | 1.00 | 0.97 | 0.93 |
Ecosystem Services | ||||||
Air Quality | 2 (1) | 1.00 | 3.5 | 0.80 | 1.00 | 0.98 |
Food/Fiber/Fuel | 10 (4) | 1.00 | 5.1 | 0.79 | 1.00 | 0.99 |
Greenspace | 5 (4) | 1.00 | 2.2 | 1.00 | 0.97 | 0.99 |
Water Quality | 3 (2) | 0.97 | 4.0 | 0.86 | 0.87 | 0.83 |
Water Quantity | 5 (3) | 1.00 | 4.6 | 0.85 | 0.88 | 0.92 |
Social Services | ||||||
Activism | 2 (1) | 0.89 | 4.0 | 1.00 | 0.88 | 0.92 |
Communication | 9 (2) | 0.94 | 4.4 | 1.00 | 0.83 | 0.96 |
Community Initiatives | 5 (1) | 0.94 | 5.0 | 0.97 | 0.88 | 0.95 |
Education | 12 (2) | 0.88 | 6.6 | 0.77 | 0.96 | 0.93 |
Emergency Prep. | 10 (2) | 0.92 | 4.5 | 1.00 | 0.95 | 0.98 |
Family Services | 11 (2) | 0.86 | 3.7 | 1.00 | 0.97 | 0.98 |
Healthcare | 14 (4) | 0.90 | 5.6 | 0.77 | 0.92 | 0.93 |
Justice | 14 (3) | 0.96 | 4.6 | 0.90 | 0.89 | 0.96 |
Labor | 4 (1) | 0.97 | 5.0 | 1.00 | 0.86 | 0.96 |
Public Works | 20 (2) | 0.94 | 5.5 | 0.87 | 0.89 | 0.95 |
Key to Shading | Biophilia | Cultural Activity | Education | Health | Leisure | Living Standard | Social Cohesion | ||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1–10% of R2 | Basic Skills | Participation | Social Aspect | Care | Life Expect | Lifestyle | Personal | Physical Mental | Activity | Work Time | Necessities | Income | Wealth | Actual Safety | Attitude | Democracy | Engagement | Support | |||
10–20% of R2 | |||||||||||||||||||||
20–30% of R2 | |||||||||||||||||||||
30–40% of R2 | |||||||||||||||||||||
>40% of R2 | |||||||||||||||||||||
>60% of R2 | |||||||||||||||||||||
Number of Models | 174 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 26 | 10 | 8 | 35 | 4 | 14 | 10 | 1 | 7 | 1 | 4 | 15 | 6 | 3 | 32 | 0 | |
R2 Fixed | 0.003 | 0.45 | 0.44 | 0.43 | 0.42 | 0.34 | 0.55 | 0.70 | 0.48 | 0.38 | 0.51 | 0.27 | 0.46 | 0.48 | 0.48 | 0.31 | 0.55 | 0.45 | 0.35 | 0.36 | |
R2 Total | 0.13 | 0.95 | 0.96 | 0.98 | 1.00 | 0.93 | 0.68 | 0.91 | 0.94 | 0.87 | 0.95 | 0.76 | 0.93 | 0.98 | 0.98 | 0.84 | 0.90 | 0.96 | 0.75 | 0.90 | |
Intercept | 0.41 *** | 1.36 *** | 1.26 *** | −0.73 *** | −0.68 * | 1.21 *** | 0.63 *** | 0.17 *** | −0.96 *** | 0.13 *** | −0.64 *** | 0.65 *** | 1.20 *** | −1.08 *** | −1.21 *** | 0.80 *** | −0.02 NS | 1.02 *** | 1.40 *** | 0.03 NS | |
Economic | Capital Invest. | 0.00 NS | −0.08 *** | 0.14 *** | 0.00 NS | −0.08 *** | −0.15 *** | 0.00 NS | −0.10 *** | −0.03* | −0.07 *** | −0.61 *** | 0.17 *** | 0.14 *** | 0.01 NS | 0.00 NS | −0.14 *** | −0.09 *** | 0.12 *** | ||
Consumption | 0.00 NS | 0.80 *** | 0.31 *** | 0.59 *** | 0.29 * | −0.66 *** | |||||||||||||||
Employment | −0.06 *** | 0.01 *** | 0.06 *** | 0.00 NS | −0.08 *** | 0.13 *** | −0.17 *** | ||||||||||||||
Finance | 0.00 NS | −1.13 *** | 1.83 *** | −0.02 *** | −0.64 *** | −0.16 *** | 0.35 *** | −0.20 *** | −0.96 *** | 2.37 *** | 2.37 *** | 0.07** | −0.85 *** | −0.17 *** | 0.39 *** | ||||||
Innovation | −0.02* | 0.12 *** | −0.05 *** | 0.23 *** | 0.00 NS | −0.04 *** | −0.05** | 0.00 NS | 0.04 *** | −0.04 *** | −0.01 NS | 0.18 *** | 0.31 *** | 0.07 *** | −0.04 *** | −0.03 *** | −0.09 *** | 0.07 *** | |||
Production | −0.01 NS | 1.42** | −0.38 NS | −0.92 *** | |||||||||||||||||
Redistribution | 0.10 *** | 0.16 *** | 0.08 *** | 0.01 NS | 0.10 *** | 0.08 *** | 0.04 *** | 0.05** | −0.14 *** | 0.04 *** | 0.07 *** | ||||||||||
Ecosystem | Air Quality | 0.00 NS | 0.00 NS | −0.03 *** | −0.01 ** | 0.01 NS | 0.00 NS | 0.00 NS | 0.01 ** | −0.02 *** | −0.03 *** | 0.03 *** | |||||||||
Food/Fiber/Fuel | 0.00 NS | 0.12** | −0.51 *** | 0.09 ** | −0.08 ** | −0.12 *** | −0.03 NS | −0.24 *** | −0.11 *** | 0.03 NS | −0.12 *** | −0.21 *** | 0.33 *** | 0.54 *** | 0.20 *** | −0.29 *** | −0.19 *** | −0.17 *** | 0.31 *** | ||
Greenspace | 0.02 @ | −0.01 @ | 0.16 *** | −0.07 *** | 0.00 NS | 0.08 *** | 0.08 *** | 0.00 NS | 0.09 *** | 0.07 *** | 0.00 NS | 0.04 *** | 0.21 *** | −0.06 *** | −0.20 *** | −0.08 *** | 0.12 *** | 0.06 *** | 0.15 *** | −0.18 *** | |
Water Quality | 0.02 NS | 0.09 *** | −0.005 *** | 0.00 NS | −0.04 ** | −0.02* | |||||||||||||||
Water Quantity | 0.00 NS | 0.13 *** | −0.01 *** | −0.07 *** | 0.01 NS | 0.03 *** | −0.01 NS | 0.00 NS | 0.04 *** | 0.09 *** | 0.00 NS | ||||||||||
Social | Activism | 0.00 NS | 0.00 NS | 0.00 NS | 0.00 NS | 0.00 NS | 0.02 NS | ||||||||||||||
Communication | 0.00 NS | −0.65 *** | 0.00 NS | 0.12 *** | 0.00 NS | 0.85 *** | 0.22 *** | 0.41 *** | −0.16 *** | 0.28 *** | −0.05 NS | 0.44 *** | |||||||||
Community Init. | 0.00 NS | 0.12 *** | −0.01 *** | 0.00 NS | 0.09 *** | 0.01 NS | −0.14 *** | 0.04 *** | 0.31 *** | 0.09 *** | 0.00 NS | 0.10 *** | |||||||||
Educational | 0.00 NS | 0.06* | 0.00 NS | 0.00 NS | 0.01 NS | 0.02 NS | −0.02 NS | 0.19 *** | −0.09** | −0.03 NS | 0.09 *** | −0.11 *** | |||||||||
Emergency Prep. | 0.00 NS | −0.13 *** | 0.02 *** | 0.00 NS | 0.05** | −0.56 *** | 0.04 NS | −0.06 NS | |||||||||||||
Family Service | 0.00 NS | −0.86 *** | 0.03 *** | 0.13 *** | 0.66 *** | 0.39 *** | 0.00 NS | 0.23 *** | −0.05 NS | ||||||||||||
Healthcare | −0.01 NS | −0.70 *** | 0.03 *** | 0.07 *** | 1.10 *** | 0.34 *** | −0.28 *** | 0.51 *** | 0.17 *** | −0.15 *** | |||||||||||
Justice | 0.00 NS | 0.00 NS | 0.38 *** | 0.22 *** | 0.16 *** | 0.00 NS | 0.01 NS | 0.02 NS | −0.11 ** | ||||||||||||
Labor | 0.00 NS | 0.01NS | −0.26 *** | 0.00 NS | 0.18 *** | 0.33 *** | 0.51 *** | −0.15 *** | 0.04 NS | 0.17 ** | |||||||||||
Public Works | 0.11 ** | −0.01* | 0.04 NS | −0.06 ** | −0.27 *** | −0.23 *** | 0.00 NS | 0.00 NS | 0.02 NS |
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Yee, S.H. Contributions of Ecosystem Services to Human Well-Being in Puerto Rico. Sustainability 2020, 12, 9625. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12229625
Yee SH. Contributions of Ecosystem Services to Human Well-Being in Puerto Rico. Sustainability. 2020; 12(22):9625. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12229625
Chicago/Turabian StyleYee, Susan Harrell. 2020. "Contributions of Ecosystem Services to Human Well-Being in Puerto Rico" Sustainability 12, no. 22: 9625. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12229625