Going beyond Good Intentions for the Sustainable Conservation of Built Heritage: A Systematic Literature Review
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. Theoretical Framework
2. Materials and Methods
3. Results
3.1. General Overview
3.2. Methodological Approaches to Human Behaviour
3.2.1. Aims
3.2.2. Actors and Type of Heritage
3.2.3. Theoretical Frameworks and Research Methods
3.3. Behavioral Intentions and Behavioural Change for Sustainable Heritage
3.3.1. Sustainable Heritage Conservation
3.3.2. Built Heritage
3.3.3. Decision-Makers
3.3.4. Research Methods
3.3.5. Psychological Constructs
3.3.6. Interventions for Behavioural Change
3.3.7. Practical Implications
4. Discussion
Future Research
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Actors | Main Construct | Aim | % |
---|---|---|---|
Residents (n = 38) | Attitudes towards tourism | Measure residents’ attitudes towards heritage tourism | 6% |
Intentions towards tourism | Measure residents’ intentions to support tourism | 6% | |
Value recognition | Measure residents’ awareness of heritage values | 5% | |
Pro-environmental attitudes | Measure residents’ pro-environmental attitudes | 3% | |
Conservation behaviours | Identify factors affecting the conservation of natural and cultural heritage | 3% | |
Willingness to pay | Residents’ willingness to pay for the preservation of values | 2% | |
Segmentation | Profile residents based on behavioural characteristics | 1% | |
Integration behaviour | Measure residents’ urban integration and willingness to relocate | 1% | |
Tourists (n = 79) | Satisfaction | Measure tourists’ satisfaction in heritage destinations | 11% |
Spatial behaviour | Identify travel and movement patterns | 7% | |
Behavioural intentions | Identify factors affecting tourists’ behavioural intentions | 6% | |
Willingness to pay | Measure tourists’ willingness to pay for the preservation of values | 5% | |
Segmentation | Profile tourists based on behavioural characteristics | 5% | |
Perceptions | Assess tourists’ perceptions of heritage experiences | 5% | |
Intention to revisit | Measure tourists’ intention to revisit | 5% | |
Attitudes | Assess tourists’ attitudes towards heritage destinations | 4% | |
Behavioural change | Persuasive communication and information to change tourist behaviour | 4% | |
Consumption behaviour | Measure factors affecting consumer decisions | 3% | |
Well-being | Measure the effect of visit in tourists’ psychological wellbeing | 2% | |
Business (n = 9) | Business intentions | Factors affecting entrepreneurial behaviour | 5% |
Behavioural change | Increase pro-environmental behaviours | 2% | |
Perceptions | Measure perceptions of investors | 1% | |
Decision-Makers | Decision-making behaviour | Factors affecting decision-making behaviour | 2% |
Others | 3% |
Author, Year | Ref. | Country | Heritage | Actors | Theoretical Framework |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Bae, Jung, Moorhouse, Suh, and Kwon, 2020 | [113] | South Korea | (destinations) | visitors | brand equity theory |
Cappa, Rosso, and Capaldo, 2020 | [114] | Italy | (museums) | visitors | visitor-sensing; spatial analysis |
Piramanayagam et al., 2020 | [79] | India | archaeological (WHS) | visitors | behavioural intention |
Menor-Campos et al., 2020 | [101] | Spain | urban (WHS) | tourists | behaviour segmentation |
Chow, Ma, Wong, Lam, and Cheung, 2019 | [115] | China | natural | tourists | behavioural intention |
(Cong et al., 2019) | [92] | China | natural | tourists | WTP; choice experiment method |
Curnock et al., 2019 | [116] | Australia | natural (WHS) | tourists | theory of emotions |
Jin et al., 2019 | [95] | South Korea | sites (WHS) | tourists | contingent valuation method; stakeholder theory; WTP |
Jurado-Rivas and Sánchez-Rivero, 2019 | [96] | Spain | urban (WHS) | tourists | WTP; behaviour segmentation |
Huang et al., 2019 | [107] | China | intangible; natural | tourists | PERMA model |
Kunasegaran et al., 2019 | [110] | Malaysia | intangible | tourists | Urry’s tourist gaze theory |
Khairi, Ismail, and Syed Jaafar, 2019 | [117] | Malaysia | urban (WHS) | tourists | theory of tourism consumption |
Medina-Viruel, López-Guzmán, Gálvez, and Jara-Alba, 2019 | [118] | Spain | urban (WHS) | tourists | Crompton’s motivational theory |
Nian et al., 2019 | [74] | China | natural (WHS) | tourists | value–belief–norm; TPB |
Weber, Groulx, Lemieux, Scott, and Dawson, 2019 | [119] | Canada | natural (WHS) | tourists | (unclear) |
Woyo and Woyo, 2019 | [120] | Namibia | (destination) | tourists | (unclear) |
Wu, Shen, Wang, Hou, and Yang, 2019 | [121] | China | (museum) | tourists | subjective well-being |
Zhang and Wang, 2019 | [80] | China | urban (WHS) | tourists | planning behaviour theory/TPB |
Scuttari, Orsi, and Bassani, 2019 | [122] | Italy | natural (WHS) | visitors | (unclear) |
Alazaizeh, Jamaliah, Mgonja, and Ababneh, 2019 | [123] | Jordan | archaeological (WHS) | visitors | attribution theory |
Bergel and Brock, 2019 | [77] | Germany | natural (WHS) | visitors | customer engagement; TPB |
Song and Kim, 2019 | [124] | South Korea | built (WHS) | visitors | value–attitude–behaviour hierarchy |
Adie et al., 2018 | [102] | United Kingdom | built (WHS) | tourists | Branding; behaviour segmentation |
Borges, Vieira, and Gomes, 2018 | [125] | Portugal | urban (WHS) | tourists | (unclear) |
Cheng, Wang, Cao, Zhang, and Bai, 2018 | [126] | China | sites | tourists | service quality |
Gao et al., 2018 | [103] | China | natural (WHS) | tourists | generational cohort theory |
Kim et al., 2018 | [78] | USA | natural (WHS) | tourists | behavioural intention |
Lee and Phau, 2018 | [88] | Australia | urban | tourists | cognitive appraisal theory |
Mehmood, Liang, and Gu, 2018 | [127] | China | natural (WHS) | tourists | word-of-mouth; behavioral intention |
Prayag, Suntikul, and Agyeiwaah, 2018 | [128] | China | intangible | tourists | cognitive-affective-behaviour system |
Kastenholz et al., 2018 | [100] | Portugal | (destination) | visitors | behavior segmentation |
Lin and Liu, 2018 | [108] | China | (destination) | visitors | existential authenticity |
Martinez-Garcia, Raya-Vilchez, and Galí, 2018 | [129] | Spain | (destination) | visitors | attraction theory |
Weaver et al., 2018 | [130] | China | (museum) | visitors | Social representations theory |
Muñoz-Fernández et al., 2018 | [91] | Spain | urban (WHS) | tourists | (unclear) |
Wang, Yang, Han, and Shi, 2017 | [131] | China | natural (WHS) | tourists | (unclear) |
Gálvez et al., 2017 | [99] | Spain | intangible | tourists | behaviour segmentation |
Gao et al., 2017 | [104] | China | natural (WHS) | tourists | Norm-activation theory |
Su, Hsu, and Swanson, 2017 | [132] | China | natural (WHS) | tourists | (unclear) |
Soliman and Abou-Shouk, 2017 | [133] | Egypt | built, natural | tourists | theory of reasoned action |
Trivedi, 2017 | [134] | Thailand | (destinations) | tourists | (unclear) |
Buonincontri, Marasco, and Ramkissoon, 2017 | [135] | Italy | sites | visitors | theory of reasoned action |
Brida, Dalle Nogare, and Scuderi, 2016 | [136] | Italy | (museums) | Tourists | rational addiction theory |
Farr et al., 2016 | [94] | Australia | natural (WHS) | tourists | WTP; equity theory |
Getzner, Färber, and Yamu, 2016 | [137] | Austria | natural | tourists | Economic valuation method |
Lee, Phau, Hughes, Li, and Quintal, 2016 | [138] | Australia | urban | tourists | consumer-based theory of authenticity |
Martin et al., 2016 | [89] | Spain | urban (WHS) | tourists | Visitor experienced quality |
Brida, Meleddu, et al., 2016 | [97] | Italy | (museums) | visitors | behaviour segmentation |
Sabou, Nistoreanu, and Maiorescu, 2016 | [139] | Romania | urban | Tourists | Spatial analysis |
Khairi and Ismail, 2015 | [140] | Malaysia | urban (WHS) | tourists | Spatial analysis |
Mustafa, 2015 | [141] | Jordan | archaeological | tourists | socialization theory; behavioural intentions |
Ramkissoon, 2015 | [76] | Australia | (destination) | tourists | attitude-behavior framework; behavioral intention |
Huang, Weiler, and Assaker, 2015 | [142] | Australia | urban | tourists | consumer satisfaction theory; TPB |
Toha & Ismail, 2015 | [143] | Malaysia | urban (WHS) | tourists | Tourist tracking; spatial analysis |
Di Pietro et al., 2015 | [98] | Italy | urban | visitors | behaviour segmentation |
Salvatierra and Walters, 2015 | [84] | Australia | natural | visitors | behavioural change |
Wolf et al., 2015 | [105] | Australia | natural | visitors | Outcomes-Focused Management |
Rani et al., 2014 | [109] | Malaysia | (destination) | tourists | Behavioral intention |
Romão et al., 2014 | [111] | Netherlands | natural (WHS) | tourists | behaviour segmentation |
Ballantyne, Hughes, Ding, and Liu, 2014 | [144] | Australia | built | visitors | (unclear) |
Jones and Yamamoto, 2014 | [145] | Japan | natural (WHS) | visitors | WTP |
King and Halpenny, 2014 | [146] | Australia | (brand) | visitors | Branding theory |
Bernadó, Bigorra, Pérez, Russo, and Clave, 2013 | [147] | Spain | urban (WHS) | tourists | Spatial analysis |
Li, Sia, and Zhu, 2013 | [148] | China | (destination) | tourists | Social exchange theory |
Wallace, 2013 | [149] | United Kingdom | archaeological (WHS) | visitors | Spatial analysis |
Ramkissoon, Smith, and Weiler, 2013 | [150] | Australia | natural | visitors | Behavioural intentions |
Boukas, 2012 | [151] | Cyprus | archaeological | visitors | importance–satisfaction analysis |
Ramkissoon and Uysal, 2011 | [75] | Mauritius | sites | tourists | Behavioral intentions; TPB |
Yang, Hens, De Wulf, and Ou, 2011 | [152] | China | natural (WHS) | tourists | (unclear) |
Boley, Nickerson, and Bosak, 2011 | [153] | USA | (destination) | visitors | (unclear) |
Ramkissoon and Uysal, 2010 | [112] | Mauritius | sites | tourists | Behavioural intentions |
McNamara and Prideaux, 2010 | [154] | Australia | natural (WHS) | visitors | (unclear) |
Weiler and Ham, 2010 | [155] | Australia | sites | visitors | (unclear) |
Barton et al., 2009 | [106] | United Kingdom | natural | visitors | Rosenberg self-esteem scale |
McKercher et al., 2008 | [156] | China | natural | visitors | Neutralization theory |
Cooper, 2000 | [157] | Australia | natural (WHS) | visitors | (unclear) |
Fellenius, Williams, and Hood, 1999 | [158] | Canada | (destination) | tourists | behavior segmentation |
Suryawardani, Wiranatha, and Petr, 2016) | [159] | Indonesia | (destination) | tourists | Expectancy theory |
Hidalgo-Fernández, Hernández-Rojas, Jimber del Río, and Casas-Rosal, 2019 | [160] | Spain | archaeological (WHS) | tourists | American customer satisfaction index |
Author, Year | Ref. | Country | Heritage | Actors | Theoretical Framework |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Chong, 2020 | [161] | Malaysia | (resources) | community | (unclear) |
Su et al., 2020 | [166] | China | intangible | inheritors | value cognition |
Gannon et al., 2020 | [162] | Malaysia | urban | residents | social exchange theory; theory of substantive and formal rationality |
Megeirhi et al., 2020 | [81] | South Africa | urban (WHS) | residents | value–belief–norm |
Qiu, Zheng, Xiang, and Zhang, 2020 | [168] | China | intangible | residents | value–attitude–behaviour hierarchy |
Zheng et al., 2020 | [163] | China | urban (WHS) | residents | social dilemma theory |
Olya, Shahmirzdi, and Alipour, 2019 | [169] | Turkey | natural (WHS) | community | social exchange theory; complexity theory |
Prados-Peña, Gutiérrez-Carrillo, and Barrio-García, 2019 | [170] | Spain | built | community | branding |
Davoodi and Dağlı, 2019 | [171] | Turkey | urban | residents | (unclear) |
Gursoy, Zhang, and Chi, 2019 | [172] | China | urban (WHS) | residents | value orientation; identity theory |
Jin et al., 2019 | [95] | China | natural (WHS) | residents | WTP; contingent valuation method |
Yuan et al., 2019 | [82] | China | urban | residents | social exchange theory; TPB |
Zhang, Lee, and Xiong, 2019 | [173] | China | built | residents | TPB |
Zhang et al., 2019 | [174] | China | natural | residents | social exchange theory; TPB |
Dragouni and Fouseki, 2018 | [93] | United Kingdom | (destinations) | community | WTP |
Cai and Lu, 2018 | [164] | China | built | residents | (unclear) |
Chen and Yang, 2018 | [175] | China | urban | residents | Bourne’s relocation decision model |
López, Virto, Manzano, and Miranda, 2018 | [176] | Spain | urban | residents | triple bottom line |
Yasin, Abdullah, Ibrahim, Khalid, and Wahab, 2018 | [177] | Malaysia | urban (WHS) | residents | (unclear) |
Goldberg et al., 2018 | [178] | Australia | natural (WHS) | residents, tourists | TPB |
Domic and Boukas, 2017 | [179] | Cyprus | intangible | communities | critical ethnography; behaviour segmentation |
Wang, Zhang, Han, and Liang, 2017 | [180] | China | Built, natural (WHS) | community | ground theory; role theory |
Esariti, Yuliastuti, and Ratih, 2017 | [181] | Indonesia | urban | residents | theory of Rappoport |
Weiler et al., 2017 | [87] | Australia | natural | residents | persuasive communication theory; behavioural change |
Rodzi, Zaki, and Subli, 2016 | [182] | Malaysia | Intangible (WHS) | community | (unclear) |
Basarić, Vujičić, Simić, Bogdanović, and Saulić, 2016 | [183] | Serbia | urban | residents | (unclear) |
Goldberg et al., 2016 | [73] | Australia | Natural (WHS) | residents | (unclear) |
Lwoga, 2016 | [184] | Tanzania | built | residents | TPB |
May-Chiun and Songanc, 2014 | [185] | Malaysia | (destination) | communities | (unclear) |
Bosman and Whitfield, 2014 | [186] | South Africa | built | community | vernacular theory; theory of ecological perception |
Judson et al., 2014 | [165] | United Kingdom | built | homeowners | Social practice theory |
Yuan et al., 2014 | [167] | China | intangible | residents | (unclear) |
Omar, Muhibudin, Yussof, Sukiman, and Mohamed, 2013 | [187] | Malaysia | Urban (WHS) | community | Stakeholders theory |
Yunus, Karim, and Samadi, 2013 | [188] | Malaysia | natural | community | (unclear) |
Ma, Zhao, and Gong, 2013 | [189] | China | natural | residents | (unclear) |
Ryan, Chaozhi, and Zeng, 2011 | [190] | China | Built (WHS) | residents | (unclear) |
Nicholas, Thapa, and Ko, 2009 | [191] | USA | Natural (WHS) | residents | Stakeholders theory |
Senaratne, Abeygunawardena, and Jayatilake, 2003 | [192] | Sri Lanka | Natural (WHS) | residents | Household production theory |
Author, Year | Ref. | Country | Heritage | Actors | Theoretical Framework |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ferretti and Grosso, 2019 | [198] | Italy | built; urban | decision-makers | Multi-attribute Value Theory |
Wang et al., 2019 | [83] | China | (tourism) | enterprises | Behavioural intentions; motivation theory of self-determination |
Chi et al., 2019 | [193] | China | natural (WHS) | managers | Stakeholder theory; agency theory |
Forleo et al., 2019 | [197] | Italy | natural | students | WTP; TPB; behavior segmentation |
Mustafa, 2019 | [199] | Jordan | archaeological | tour guides | norm activation theory; TPB |
Zhang and Zhang, 2018 | [200] | Japan | (destinations) | enterprises | network centrality; stakeholder theory |
Väisänen and Törn-Laapio, 2018 | [201] | Sweden | (resources) | entrepreneurs | (unclear) |
Choi et al., 2018 | [195] | South Korea | natural | students | random utility maximization theory |
Gregory-Smith, Wells, Manika, and McElroy, 2017 | [86] | United Kingdom | (destination) | employees | Social marketing; realist evaluation; behavioural change |
McCamley and Gilmore, 2017 | [202] | United Kingdom | (destination) | enterprises | supply chain theory |
Rose et al., 2017) | [196] | USA | (brand) | students | Behavioral intentions |
Abdulla, Abdelmonem, and Selim, 2017 | [203] | United Kingdom | urban | users | hierarchy of walking needs |
Gribaudo, Iacono, and Levis, 2017 | [204] | Italy | urban | users | internet of things; spatial analysis |
Valentina et al., 2015 | [90] | Romania | (resources) | consumers | (unclear) |
Miralles i Garcia, 2015 | [205] | Spain | natural | decision-makers | (unclear) |
Wells et al., 2015 | [85] | United Kingdom | (organization) | employees | Behavioural change; social marketing intervention |
Çetinkaya and Zafer, 2015 | [206] | Turkey | archaeological | Tour guides | (unclear) |
Esparon et al., 2014 | [194] | Australia | Natural (WHS) | consumers | importance-performance analysis |
Gheorghe, Nistoreanu, and Filip, 2013 | [207] | Romania | intangible | consumers | Direct market research |
Hall, 2013 | [208] | New Zealand | intangible | foragers | (unclear) |
Santos, Mendes, Rodrigues, and Freire, 2012 | [209] | Portugal | natural | geocachers | Spatial analysis |
Wiedmann, Hennigs, Schmidt, and Wuestefeld, 2011 | [210] | Germany | (brand) | consumers | Branding theory |
Thomas, Miller, Thomas, Tunstall, and Siggins, 2007 | [211] | United Kingdom | (tourism) | enterprises | Phenomenological methodology |
Author, Year | Ref. | Country | Heritage | Constructs | Method | Population |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Piramanayagam et al., 2020 | [79] | India | archaeological | destination image; visitor experience; intention to revisit | Questionnaire; CFA; SEM | 384 tourists |
Yuan et al., 2019 | [82] | China | urban | involvement, perceived impacts, place attachment, intention to support tourism | Questionnaire; SEM | 336 residents |
Wang et al., 2019 | [83] | China | (tourism) | lifestyle-oriented motivation, corporate social responsibility, operational intention | Questionnaire; SEM | 154 guesthouse owners |
Nian et al., 2019 | [74] | China | natural | perception of OUV, service quality, place attachment, conservation intention | Questionnaire; SEM | 563 tourists |
Zhang et al., 2019 | [173] | China | built | attitudes, subjective norms, perceived control, self-regulation, social capital, intention and behaviour towards conflict | Interview; questionnaire; SEM | 250 residents |
Zhang and Wang, 2019 | [80] | China | urban | attitudes, motivation, space emotion, subjective norms, perceived control, travel intention | Questionnaire; SEM | 650 tourists |
Bergel and Brock, 2019 | [77] | Germany | natural | affective attitude, influence behaviour, destination loyalty intention, perception of entrance fees | Questionnaire; SEM | 802 visitors |
Mustafa, 2019 | [199] | Jordan | archaeological | value orientation, social norms, commitment to conservation | Questionnaire; SEM | 96 tour guides |
Zhang et al., 2019 | [174] | China | natural | livelihood strategies, perception of changes, pro-environmental behaviours | Interviews: questionnaire; multiple regression | 314 residents |
Ferretti and Grosso, 2019 | [198] | Italy | built | power–interest matrix; preferences; values; trade-offs | Stakeholders analysis | Decision-makers |
Forleo et al., 2019 | [197] | Italy | natural | use and non-use values; willingness-to-pay; pro-environmental behaviours | Questionnaire; hierarchical cluster analysis | 542 students |
Chow et al., 2019 | [115] | China | natural | place attachment; satisfaction; pro-environmental intentions | Questionnaire; regression | 402 tourists |
Mehmood et al., 2018 | [127] | China | natural | word-of-mouth; user generated content; heritage image; attitudes; travel intention | Questionnaire; SEM | 280 tourists |
Goldberg et al., 2018 | [178] | Australia | natural | attitudes; perceived barriers; pro-environmental behaviours | Questionnaire; Variance inflation factors | 3181 residents; 2621 tourists |
Kim et al., 2018 | [78] | USA | natural | perceived sustainability, pro-environmental behaviour; revisit intention; word-of-mouth | Questionnaire; CFA; SEM | 300 tourists |
Soliman and Abou-Shouk, 2017 | [133] | Egypt | sites | attitudes, motivation, cultural/heritage dimension, subjective norms, travel intention, behaviour | Questionnaire; SEM | 200 tourists |
Rose et al., 2017 | [196] | USA | (brand) | attitudes, present-time orientation, perceived linkage past–present, intention to consume | Questionnaire; multiple regression | 90–240 students |
Buonincontri et al., 2017 | [135] | Italy | sites | tourism experience, place attachment, pro-environmental behaviour | Development of a questionnaire | visitors |
Weiler et al., 2017 | [87] | Australia | natural | perceived benefits, credibility, mental imagery | pre-/post-experimental design; questionnaire; t-test | 1053 residents |
Gregory-Smith et al., 2017 | [86] | United Kingdom | (tourism) | realist evaluation: context, mechanism, outcome | Interviews; intervention; focus group | 57 employees |
Lwoga, 2016 | [184] | Tanzania | built | attitudes, subjective norm, perceived control, conservation intention, tourism employment status | Questionnaire; SEM | 208 households |
Huang et al., 2015 | [142] | Australia | sites | elaboration, relevancy, empathy, attitude, satisfaction, behavioural loyalty, WOM intention | Questionnaire; SEM | 282 tourists |
Salvatierra and Walters, 2015 | [84] | Australia | natural | past experience, knowledge, image perception, travel intention | pre-/post- experimental design; questionnaire; ANOVA | 168 potential visitors |
Wells et al., 2015 | [85] | United Kingdom | (tourism) | potential to change pro-environmental behaviour; personal responsibility; information adequacy; satisfaction; self-efficacy; motivation | Interviews; pre-/post-experimental design; questionnaire; linear regression; ANOVA | 96–237 employees |
Ramkissoon, 2015 | [76] | Australia | (destination) | perceived authenticity; place attachment; place satisfaction; cultural intentions | Theoretical model | tourists |
Mustafa, 2015 | [141] | Jordan | archaeological | value orientation; awareness of consequences; ascription of responsibility; pro-heritage intentions | Questionnaire; t-test | 271 tourists |
Rani et al., 2014 | [109] | Malaysia | (destination) | perceived authenticity; satisfaction; revisit intention | Questionnaire; CFA; SEM | 255 tourists |
Ramkissoon et al., 2013 | [150] | Australia | natural | place attachment; place satisfaction; pro-environmental intentions | Questionnaire; EFA; multiple regression | 452 tourists |
Ramkissoon and Uysal, 2011 | [75] | Mauritius | sites | perceived authenticity, motivation, information search behaviour, destination imagery, cultural intention | Questionnaire; SEM; multiple regression | 600 tourists |
Ramkissoon and Uysal, 2010 | [112] | Mauritius | sites | authenticity; cultural intention | Questionnaire; CFA; SEM | 600 tourists |
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Gonçalves, J.; Mateus, R.; Silvestre, J.D.; Roders, A.P. Going beyond Good Intentions for the Sustainable Conservation of Built Heritage: A Systematic Literature Review. Sustainability 2020, 12, 9649. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12229649
Gonçalves J, Mateus R, Silvestre JD, Roders AP. Going beyond Good Intentions for the Sustainable Conservation of Built Heritage: A Systematic Literature Review. Sustainability. 2020; 12(22):9649. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12229649
Chicago/Turabian StyleGonçalves, Joana, Ricardo Mateus, José Dinis Silvestre, and Ana Pereira Roders. 2020. "Going beyond Good Intentions for the Sustainable Conservation of Built Heritage: A Systematic Literature Review" Sustainability 12, no. 22: 9649. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12229649