Toward Regeneration of Public Open Spaces within Large Housing Estates–A Case Study of Niš, Serbia
Abstract
:1. Introduction
- Firstly, we investigated whether the changes and development trends of LHEs in the post-socialist period are reflected in the transformation flows of POSs in inherited LHEs and degradation and what are the types of that changes of POSs;
- Secondly, we investigated whether it is possible to define long-term development measures for the regeneration of POSs and what are the types of those measures;
- Thirdly, we investigated whether in the current local planning regulations and with the local organizational and economic circumstances in Nis it is possible to apply defined regeneration measures, what are the restrictions for their implementation, and what are the development requirements and guidelines for their efficient application.
2. Characteristics of Public Open Spaces within Inherited Large Housing Estates in Post-socialist Serbia: Setting and Framing the Context
2.1. Large Housing Estates in the Socialist Period
2.2. Large Housing Estates in the Post-socialist Period
2.3. Public Open Spaces within Inherited Large Housing Estates—Setting the Context
3. Methodology
3.1. Methods
3.2. Areas of Study
4. Case Studies of Selected Large Housing Estates in Niš
4.1. Niš—Urban Design Brief
4.2. Case Study 1
4.3. Case Study 2
5. Discussion
6. Conclusions
- Prerequisite 1—transformation of the institutional and organizational framework
- Prerequisite 2—establishment of public–private partnerships
- Prerequisite 3—encouragement of resident participation
- Informing the residents about the specific activities to improve POSs, educating them and training them to acquire the skills required for their participation;
- Promoting the attitude that all residents can participate in POSs regeneration/social inclusion
- Regeneration program transparency—providing the residents with clear information about the potential of POSs and realistic changes and the requirements for their engagement;
- Facilitating a dialogue between the residents and relevant entities through consultations or partnerships with direct residents’ involvement in decision-making;
- Organizing training for local authorities’ personnel who will coordinate the necessary activities in the regeneration program and help include the residents in all stages of the program;
- Accepting and encouraging residents’ initiatives and encouraging the development of community gardens, yard maintenance, joint POS management, and regeneration of vacant POSs;
- Prerequisite 4—provision of adequate financial instruments
- Prerequisite 5—redefinition of planning and urban and housing policy
- Prerequisite 6—updates of laws, regulations, and standards
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
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KEY ASPECTS | SPECIFIC INDICATORS |
---|---|
USABILITY, DIVERSITY, AND ACCESSIBILITY KA1 | KA1.1—Accessibility |
KA1.2—Multifunctionality and options for various types of activities | |
KA1.3—Urban design | |
KA1.4—Compatibility with the needs of the residents | |
KA1.5—Ease of access from the apartment buildings | |
KA1.6—Visibility | |
KA1.7—Public/private delineation | |
KA1.8—Availability of content for different age groups of the residents | |
KA1.9—Size of POSs | |
KA1.10—Maintenance of POSs | |
URBAN DESIGN KA2 | KA2.1—Urban equipment |
KA2.2—Landscaping | |
KA2.3—Materialization | |
KA2.4—Variability and flexibility | |
HEALTH AND COMFORT KA3 | KA3.1—Favorable microclimate |
KA3.2—Minimization of motor vehicle traffic | |
SAFETY KA4 | KA4.1—Lighting |
KA4.2—Visibility, the possibility of control, and clear boundaries of the space | |
KA4.3—Separation of pedestrian and motor vehicle traffic | |
KA4.4—Antisocial behavior | |
KA4.5—Urban design | |
KA4.6—Maintenance of POSs | |
KA4.7—Parking in POSs | |
PRIVACY AND TERRITORIALITY KA5 | KA5.1—Public/private delineation |
KA5.2—Personalization of space through the creativity of the residents | |
KA5.3—Sufficient space for peace, harmony, and noise protection | |
KA5.4—Adequate space size | |
KA5.5—Protection from unwanted looks | |
KA5.6—Sense of security and safety | |
KA5.7—Activity schedule, conflicts | |
SOCIAL INTERACTION AND GOOD-NEIGHBORLY RELATIONS KA6 | KA6.1—Spaces equipped for gatherings, meetings, joint activities, and games |
KA6.2—Communication with the neighbors | |
KA6.3—Frequency of using POSs | |
KA6.4—Structure of users—different age groups of the residents | |
KA6.5—Participation of the residents in the spatial organization and maintenance of POS | |
VISUAL AND ESTHETIC COMFORT KA7 | KA7.1—Urban design |
KA7.2—Spatial and ambient integrity and attractiveness of the space | |
KA7.3—Variety of content | |
KA7.4—Presence of natural elements | |
KA7.5—Anthropometric suitability | |
MAINTENANCE KA8 | KA8.1—Scheduled maintenance |
KA8.2—Adaptation to the fluctuating demands of the residents |
KEY ASPECTS | SPECIFIC INDICATORS | A1 | A2 |
---|---|---|---|
KA1 | KA1.1 | ** | * |
KA1.2 | ** | * | |
KA1.3 | * | * | |
KA1.4 | * | * | |
KA1.5 | ** | ** | |
KA1.6 | ** | ** | |
KA1.7 | * | * | |
KA1.8 | ** | * | |
KA1.9 | ** | ** | |
KA1.10 | * | * | |
KA2 | KA2.1 | * | * |
KA2.2 | * | * | |
KA2.3 | * | * | |
KA2.4 | * | * | |
KA3 | KA3.1 | * | * |
KA3.2 | * | * | |
KA4 | KA4.1 | * | * |
KA4.2 | ** | ** | |
KA4.3 | * | * | |
KA4.4 | * | * | |
KA4.5 | * | * | |
KA4.6 | * | * | |
KA4.7 | * | * | |
KA5 | KA5.1 | * | * |
KA5.2 | ** | * | |
KA5.3 | ** | * | |
KA5.4 | ** | ** | |
KA5.5 | ** | * | |
KA5.6 | * | * | |
KA5.7 | ** | ** | |
KA6 | KA6.1 | * | * |
KA6.2 | ** | ** | |
KA6.3 | * | * | |
KA6.4 | ** | * | |
KA6.5 | ** | * | |
KA7 | KA7.1 | * | * |
KA7.2 | * | * | |
KA7.3 | * | * | |
KA7.4 | ** | * | |
KA7.5 | *** | * | |
KA8 | KA8.1 | * | * |
KA8.2 | * | * |
MEASURES, SUB-MEASURES, AND ACTIVITIES | |
---|---|
M1 | M1.1. Use of variable and flexible urban design compatible with all age groups |
| |
M1.2. Encouraging possibility to personalize POSs through flexible design | |
| |
M1.3. Improving parking spaces | |
| |
M1.4. Separation of pedestrian and motor vehicle traffic | |
| |
M2 | M2.1. Lighting, ventilation, and thermal comfort |
| |
M2.2. Reduction of urban noise | |
| |
M2.3. Planned landscaping | |
| |
M2.4. Use of renewable, environmentally friendly, and safe materials for urban equipment and pavements | |
M2.5. The positioning of parking spaces further away from POSs | |
M2.6. Scheduled hygiene maintenance | |
|
MEASURES, SUB-MEASURES, AND ACTIVITIES | |
---|---|
M3 | M3.1. Improvement of safety and security for the residents |
| |
M3.2. Design of a strategy for prevention and elimination of antisocial behavior | |
M3.3. Creation of defendable spaces with clear boundaries and good visibility, and introduction of public/private sector delineation | |
| |
M3.4. Encouragement and strengthening of a sense of community and comfort in POS | |
| |
M4 | M4.1. Achievement of visual and esthetic comfort |
|
MEASURES, SUB-MEASURES, AND ACTIVITIES | |
---|---|
M5 | M5.1. Reorganization and modernization of the maintenance and management system |
| |
M5.2. Resolution of the ownership status | |
| |
M5.3. Facilitation of the establishment of residents’ associations | |
| |
M5.4. Improvement of the cooperation between local authorities and residents’ associations | |
| |
M5.5. Encouragement of resident participation | |
| |
M5.6. Provision of financial instruments | |
|
KEY ASPECTS | KEY SUB-MEASURES |
---|---|
KA1 | M1.1; M1.4 |
KA2 | M1.1; M4.1 |
KA3 | M2.1; M2.3 |
KA4 | M1.4; M3.1; M3.2 |
KA5 | M1.2; M2.2 |
KA6 | M1.2; M3.4 |
KA7 | M2.3; M4.1 |
KA8 | M5.1; M5.5 |
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Bogdanović Protić, I.; Mitković, P.; Vasilevska, L. Toward Regeneration of Public Open Spaces within Large Housing Estates–A Case Study of Niš, Serbia. Sustainability 2020, 12, 10256. https://doi.org/10.3390/su122410256
Bogdanović Protić I, Mitković P, Vasilevska L. Toward Regeneration of Public Open Spaces within Large Housing Estates–A Case Study of Niš, Serbia. Sustainability. 2020; 12(24):10256. https://doi.org/10.3390/su122410256
Chicago/Turabian StyleBogdanović Protić, Ivana, Petar Mitković, and Ljiljana Vasilevska. 2020. "Toward Regeneration of Public Open Spaces within Large Housing Estates–A Case Study of Niš, Serbia" Sustainability 12, no. 24: 10256. https://doi.org/10.3390/su122410256