Perceived Overqualification and Job Crafting: The Curvilinear Moderation of Career Adaptability
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Theoretical Background
2.1. Perceived Overqualification
2.2. Job Crafting
2.3. Career Adaptability
3. Materials and Methods
3.1. Research Subjects and Data Collection
3.2. Measurement Scales
3.3. Reliability and Validity
4. Results
4.1. Descriptive Statistics and Correlation Analysis
4.2. Analysis of Direct Effects of POQ
4.3. Analysis of Moderating Effects of Career Adaptability
5. Discussion
6. Conclusions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Rainsford, E.; Maloney, W.A.; Popa, S.A. The effect of unemployment and low-quality work conditions on work values: Exploring the experiences of young Europeans. Ann. Am. Acad. Political Soc. Sci. 2019, 682, 172–185. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Anderson, S.; Winefield, A.H. The impact of underemployment on psychological health, physical health, and work attitudes. In Underemployment; Maynard, D.C., Feldman, D.C., Eds.; Springer: New York, NY, USA, 2011; pp. 165–185. [Google Scholar]
- Erdogan, B.; Bauer, T.N. Perceived overqualification and its outcomes: The moderating role of empowerment. J. Appl. Psychol. 2009, 94, 557–565. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wald, S. The impact of overqualification on job search. Int. J. Manpow. 2005, 26, 140–156. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Büchel, F.; Mertens, A. Overeducation, undereducation, and the theory of career mobility. Appl. Econ. 2004, 36, 803–816. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Choros, J. Canada’s Overqualified Workforce Is Growing. Available online: https://ca.finance.yahoo.com/blogs/insight/research-study-shows-the-number-of-overqualified-202732694.html (accessed on 17 January 2020).
- Quintini, G. Over-Qualified or Under-Skilled. A Review of Existing Literature; OECD Social, Employment and Migration Working Papers; OECD: Paris, France, 2011. [Google Scholar]
- Hu, J.; Erdogan, B.; Bauer, T.N.; Jiang, K.; Liu, S.; Li, Y. There are lots of big fish in this pond: The role of peer overqualification on task significance, perceived fit, and performance for overqualified employees. J. Appl. Psychol. 2015, 100, 1228–1238. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Zhang, M.J.; Law, K.S.; Lin, B. You think you are big fish in a small pond? Perceived overqualification, goal orientations, and proactivity at work. J. Organ. Behav. 2016, 37, 61–84. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Johnson, G.J.; Johnson, W.R. Perceived overqualification and dimensions of job satisfaction: A longitudinal analysis. J. Psychol. 2000, 134, 537–555. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ma, C.; Ganegoda, D.B.; Chen, Z.X.; Jiang, X.; Dong, C. Effects of perceived overqualification on career distress and career planning: Mediating role of career identity and moderating role of leader humility. Hum. Resour. Manag. 2020. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Erdogan, B.; Bauer, T.N.; Peiró, J.M.; Truxillo, D.M. Overqualified employees: Making the best of a potentially bad situation for individuals and organizations. Ind. Organ. Psychol. 2011, 4, 215–232. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lou, T.; Ye, M. Studying on the impact of perceived overqualification on work engagement: The moderating role of future work self salience and mediating role of thriving at work. Open J. Soc. Sci. 2019, 7, 24–36. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Maynard, D.C.; Parfyonova, N.M. Perceived overqualification and withdrawal behaviours: Examining the roles of job attitudes and work values. J. Occup. Organ. Psychol. 2013, 86, 435–455. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Yeves, J.; Bargsted, M.; Cortes, L.; Merino, C.; Cavada, G. Age and perceived employability as moderators of job insecurity and job satisfaction: A moderated moderation model. Front. Psychol. 2019, 10, 799–810. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Khan, M.I.; Mughal, Y.H.; Khattak, S.R. Buffering effect of perceived organizational support on the relationship between perceived over-qualification and job satisfaction. J. Manag. Sci. 2019, 13, 162–169. [Google Scholar]
- Willis, S.; Lee, A. Perceived overqualification and in-role job performance: Mediating and moderating mechanisms. Acad. Manag. Annu. Meet. Proc. 2019, 2019. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lobene, E.V. Perceived Overqualification: A Model of Antecedents and Outcomes. Master’s Thesis, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA, 2010. [Google Scholar]
- McKee-Ryan, F.M.; Harvey, J. “I have a job, but…”: A review of underemployment. J. Manag. 2011, 37, 962–996. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ye, X.; Li, L.; Tan, X. Organizational support: Mechanisms to affect perceived overqualification on turnover intentions: A study of Chinese repatriates in multinational enterprises. Empl. Relat. 2017, 39, 918–934. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Van Dijk, H.; Shantz, A.; Alfes, K. Welcome to the bright side: Why, how, and when overqualification enhances performance. Hum. Resour. Manag. Rev. 2020, 30. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Tims, M.; Bakker, A.B.; Derks, D. Development and validation of the job crafting scale. J. Vocat. Behav. 2012, 80, 173–186. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Berg, J.M.; Wrzesniewski, A.; Dutton, J.E. Perceiving and responding to challenges in job crafting at different ranks: When proactivity requires adaptivity. J. Organ. Behav. 2010, 31, 158–186. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Savickas, M.L. New questions for vocational psychology: Premises, paradigms, and practices. J. Career Assess. 2011, 19, 251–258. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Savickas, M.L. The theory and practice of career construction. In Career Development and Counseling: Putting Theory and Research to Work, 1st ed.; Lent, R.W., Brown, S.D., Eds.; John Wiley & Sons: Hoboken, NJ, USA, 2005; pp. 42–70. [Google Scholar]
- Feldman, D.C. The nature, antecedents and consequences of underemployment. J. Manag. 1996, 22, 385–407. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Maynard, D.C.; Feldman, D.C. Underemployment: Psychological, Economic, and Social Challenges; Springer: New York, NY, USA, 2011. [Google Scholar]
- Budría, S.; Moro-Egido, A. Overqualification, skill mismatches and wages in private sector employment in Europe. Technol. Econ. Dev. Econ. 2014, 20, 457–483. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Badillo-Amador, L.; Vila, L.E. Education and skill mismatches: Wage and job satisfaction consequences. Int. J. Manpow. 2013, 34, 416–428. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- McKee-Ryan, F.M.; Virick, M.; Prussia, G.E.; Harvey, J.; Lilly, J.D. Life after the layoff: Getting a job worth keeping. J. Organ. Behav. 2009, 30, 561–580. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Arvan, M.L.; Pindek, S.; Andel, S.A.; Spector, P.E. Too good for your job? Disentangling the relationships between objective overqualification, perceived overqualification, and job dissatisfaction. J. Vocat. Behav. 2019, 115. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kulkarni, M.; Lengnick-Hall, M.L.; Martinez, P.G. Overqualification, mismatched qualification, and hiring decisions: Perceptions of employers. Pers. Rev. 2015, 44, 529–549. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Erdogan, B.; Bauer, T.N.; Peiró, J.M.; Truxillo, D.M. Overqualification theory, research, and practice: Things that matter. Ind. Organ. Psychol. 2015, 4, 260–267. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wassermann, M.; Hoppe, A. Perceived overqualification and psychological well-being among immigrants: The moderating role of personal resources. J. Pers. Psychol. 2019, 18, 34–45. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Johnson, W.R.; Morrow, P.C.; Johnson, G.J. An evaluation of a perceived overqualification scale across work settings. J. Psychol. 2002, 136. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Maynard, D.C.; Joseph, T.A.; Maynard, A.M. Underemployment, job attitudes, and turnover intentions. J. Organ. Behav. 2006, 27, 509–536. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Alfes, K. Perceived overqualification and performance. The role of the peer-group. Ger. J. Hum. Resour. Manag. 2013, 27, 314–330. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Liu, S.; Luksyte, A.; Zhou, L.; Shi, J.; Wang, M. Overqualification and counterproductive work behaviors: Examining a moderated mediation model. J. Organ. Behav. 2015, 36, 250–271. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Crosby, F. A model of egoistical relative deprivation. Psychol. Rev. 1976, 83, 85–113. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Simon, L.S.; Bauer, T.N.; Erdogan, B.; Shepherd, W. Built to last: Interactive effects of perceived overqualification and proactive personality on new employee adjustment. Pers. Psychol. 2019, 72, 213–240. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lee, A.; Erdogan, B.; Tian, A.; Willis, S.; Cao, J. Perceived overqualification and task performance: Reconciling two opposing pathways. J. Occup. Organ. Psychol. 2020. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bashshur, M.R.; Hernández, A.; Peiró, J.M. The impact of underemployment on individual and team performance. In Underemployment; Maynard, D.C., Feldman, D.C., Eds.; Springer: New York, NY, USA, 2011; Volume 1, pp. 187–213. [Google Scholar]
- Chen, Y.-J. Associations of perceived underemployment with in-role and organisational citizenship behaviours: The beneficiary perspective. Glob. Bus. Econ. Rev. 2009, 11, 317–331. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sánchez-Cardona, I.; Vera, M.; Martínez-Lugo, M.; Rodríguez-Montalbán, R.; Marrero-Centeno, J. When the job does not fit: The moderating role of job crafting and meaningful work in the relation between employees’ perceived overqualification and job boredom. J. Career Assess. 2020, 28, 257–276. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lobene, E.V.; Meade, A.W. Perceived overqualification: An exploration of outcomes. In Proceedings of the 25th Annual Meeting of the Society for Industrial and Organizational Psychology, Atlanta, GA, USA, 8–10 April 2010. [Google Scholar]
- Luksyte, A.; Spitzmueller, C. When are overqualified employees creative? It depends on contextual factors. J. Organ. Behav. 2016, 37, 635–653. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Fine, S.; Nevo, B. A Phenomenon of overqualification in personnel psychology. Int. J. Test. 2007, 7, 327–352. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Holtom, B.C.; Lee, T.W.; Tidd, S.T. The relationship between work status congruence and work-related attitudes and behaviors. J. Appl. Psychol. 2002, 87, 903–915. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sesen, H.; Ertan, S.S. Perceived overqualification and job crafting: The moderating role of positive psychological capital. Pers. Rev. 2019, 49, 808–824. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Russell, Z.A.; Ferris, G.R.; Thompson, K.W.; Sikora, D.M. Overqualified human resources, career development experiences, and work outcomes: Leveraging an underutilized resource with political skill. Hum. Resour. Manag. Rev. 2016, 26, 125–135. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Oldham, G.R.; Hackman, J.R. Not what it was and not what it will be: The future of job design research. J. Organ. Behav. 2010, 31, 463–479. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Zhang, M.; Wang, F.; Das, A.K. Work-Family conflict on sustainable creative performance: Job crafting as a mediator. Sustainability 2020, 12, 8004. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wrzesniewski, A.; Dutton, J.E. Crafting a job: Revisioning employees as active crafters of their work. Acad. Manag. Rev. 2001, 26, 179–201. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Berg, J.M.; Grant, A.M.; Johnson, V. When callings are calling: Crafting work and leisure in pursuit of unanswered occupational callings. Organ. Sci. 2010, 21, 973–994. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hornung, S.; Rousseau, D.M.; Glaser, J.; Angerer, P.; Weigl, M. Beyond top-down and bottom-up work redesign: Customizing job content through idiosyncratic deals. J. Organ. Behav. 2010, 31, 187–215. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Tims, M.; Derks, D.; Bakker, A.B. Job crafting and its relationships with person–job fit and meaningfulness: A three-wave study. J. Vocat. Behav. 2016, 92, 44–53. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Plomp, J.; Tims, M.; Akkermans, J.; Khapova, S.N.; Jansen, P.G.W.; Bakker, A.B. Career competencies and job crafting: How proactive employees influence their well-being. Career Dev. Int. 2016, 21, 587–602. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Demerouti, E.; Bakker, A.B.; Nachreiner, F.; Schaufeli, W.B. The job demands-resources model of burnout. J. Appl. Psychol. 2001, 86, 499–512. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hackman, J.R.; Oldham, G.R. Motivation through the design of work: Test of a theory. Organ. Behav. Hum. Perform. 1976, 16, 250–279. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Tims, M.; Bakker, A.B.; Derks, D. Job crafting and job performance: A longitudinal study. Eur. J. Work Organ. Psychol. 2015, 24, 914–928. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Petrou, P.; Demerouti, E.; Peeters, M.C.W.; Schaufeli, W.B.; Hetland, J. Crafting a job on a daily basis: Contextual correlates and the link to work engagement. J. Organ. Behav. 2012, 33, 1120–1141. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Agut, S.; Peiró, J.M.; Grau, R. The effect of overeducation on job content innovation and career-enhancing strategies among young Spanish employees. J. Career Dev. 2009, 36, 159–182. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Liu, S.; Wang, M. Perceived overqualification: A review and recommendations for research and practice. In The Role of the Economic Crisis on Occupational Stress and Well Being; Perrewé, P.L., Halbesleben, J.R.B., Rosen, C.C., Eds.; Emerald Group Publishing Limited: Bingley, UK, 2012; Volume 10, pp. 1–42. [Google Scholar]
- Xu, Z.; Chin, T.; Cao, L. Crafting jobs for sustaining careers during China’s manufacturing digitalization. Sustainability 2020, 12, 2041. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Lin, B.; Law, K.S.; Zhou, J. Why is underemployment related to creativity and OCB? A task-crafting explanation of the curvilinear moderated relations. Acad. Manag. J. 2017, 60, 156–177. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Savickas, M.L.; Porfeli, E.J. Career adapt-abilities scale: Construction, reliability, and measurement equivalence across 13 countries. J. Vocat. Behav. 2012, 80, 661–673. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kwon, J.E. Work volition and career adaptability as predictors of employability: Examining a moderated mediating process. Sustainability 2019, 11, 7089. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Biemann, T.; Zacher, H.; Feldman, D.C. Career patterns: A twenty-year panel study. J. Vocat. Behav. 2012, 81, 159–170. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Chen, H.; Fang, T.; Liu, F.; Pang, L.; Wen, Y.; Chen, S.; Gu, X. Career adaptability research: A literature review with scientific knowledge mapping in web of science. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 5986. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Erdogan, B.; Karakitapoğlu-Aygün, Z.; Caughlin, D.E.; Bauer, T.N.; Gumusluoglu, L. Employee overqualification and manager job insecurity: Implications for employee career outcomes. Hum. Resour. Manag. 2020. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Dar, N.; Rahman, W. Two angles of overqualification-the deviant behavior and creative performance: The role of career and survival job. PLoS ONE 2020, 15, e0226677. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Super, D.E.; Knasel, E.G. Career development in adulthood: Some theoretical problems and a possible solution. Br. J. Guid. Couns. 1981, 9, 194–201. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Savickas, M.L. Career construction theory and practice. In Career Development and Counseling: Putting Theory and Research to Work, 2nd ed.; Lent, R.W., Brown, S.D., Eds.; John Wiley & Sons: Hoboken, NJ, USA, 2013; pp. 147–183. [Google Scholar]
- Zikic, J.; Klehe, U.C. Job loss as a blessing in disguise: The role of career exploration and career planning in predicting reemployment quality. J. Vocat. Behav. 2006, 69, 391–409. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- McArdle, S.; Waters, L.; Briscoe, J.P.; Hall, D.T. Employability during unemployment: Adaptability, career identity and human and social capital. J. Vocat. Behav. 2007, 71, 247–264. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Rodrigues, R.; Butler, C.L.; Guest, D. Antecedents of protean and boundaryless career orientations: The role of core self-evaluations, perceived employability and social capital. J. Vocat. Behav. 2019, 110, 1–11. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Skorikov, V. Continuity in adolescent career preparation and its effects on adjustment. J. Vocat. Behav. 2007, 70, 8–24. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Savickas, M.L. Career construction: A developmental theory of vocational behavior. In Career Choice and Development, 4th ed.; Brown, D., Ed.; John Wiley & Sons: San Francisco, CA, USA, 2002; pp. 149–205. [Google Scholar]
- Johnston, C.S.; Luciano, E.C.; Maggiori, C.; Ruch, W.; Rossier, J. Validation of the German version of the Career Adapt-Abilities Scale and its relation to orientations to happiness and work stress. J. Vocat. Behav. 2013, 83, 295–304. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Hirschi, A. Career adaptability development in adolescence: Multiple predictors and effect on sense of power and life satisfaction. J. Vocat. Behav. 2009, 74, 145–155. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- De Guzman, A.B.; Choi, K.O. The relations of employability skills to career adaptability among technical school students. J. Vocat. Behav. 2013, 82, 199–207. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Guan, Y.; Zhou, W.; Ye, L.; Jiang, P.; Zhou, Y. Perceived organizational career management and career adaptability as predictors of success and turnover intention among Chinese employees. J. Vocat. Behav. 2015, 88, 230–237. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Zacher, H. Career adaptability predicts subjective career success above and beyond personality traits and core self-evaluations. J. Vocat. Behav. 2014, 84, 21–30. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Autin, K.L.; Douglass, R.P.; Duffy, R.D.; England, J.W.; Allan, B.A. Subjective social status, work volition, and career adaptability: A longitudinal study. J. Vocat. Behav. 2017, 99, 1–10. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Tolentino, L.R.; Sedoglavich, V.; Lu, V.N.; Garcia, P.R.J.M.; Restubog, S.L.D. The role of career adaptability in predicting entrepreneurial intentions: A moderated mediation model. J. Vocat. Behav. 2014, 85, 403–412. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ito, J.K.; Brotheridge, C.M. Does supporting employees’ career adaptability lead to commitment, turnover, or both? Hum. Resour. Manag. 2005, 44, 5–19. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Yang, W.; Guan, Y.; Lai, X.; She, Z.; Lockwood, A.J. Career adaptability and perceived overqualification: Testing a dual-path model among Chinese human resource management professionals. J. Vocat. Behav. 2015, 90, 154–162. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Federici, E.; Boon, C.; Den Hartog, D.N. The moderating role of HR practices on the career adaptability–job crafting relationship: A study among employee-manager dyads. Int. J. Hum. Resour. Manag. 2019. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Solberg, E.; Wong, S.I. Crafting one’s job to take charge of role overload: When proactivity requires adaptivity across levels. Leadersh. Q. 2016, 27, 713–725. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Chomeya, R. Quality of psychology test between Likert scale 5 and 6 points. J. Soc. Sci. 2010, 6, 399–403. [Google Scholar]
- Leung, S.-O. A comparison of psychometric properties and normality in 4-, 5-, 6-, and 11-point Likert scales. J. Soc. Serv. Res. 2011, 37, 412–421. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Slemp, G.R.; Vella-Brodrick, D.A. The job crafting questionnaire: A new scale to measure the extent to which employees engage in job crafting. Int. J. Wellbeing 2013, 3, 126–146. [Google Scholar]
- Fornell, C.; Larcker, D.F. Structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error: Algebra and statistics. J. Mark. Res. 1981, 18, 382–388. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Harman, H.H. Modern Factor Analysis; University of Chicago: Chicago, IL, USA, 1967. [Google Scholar]
- Podsakoff, P.M.; Organ, D.W. Self-Reports in organization research: Problems and prospects. J. Manag. 1986, 12, 531–544. [Google Scholar]
- Lind, J.T.; Mehlum, H. With or without U? The appropriate test for a U-shaped relationship. Oxf. Bull. Econ. Stat. 2010, 72, 109–118. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Haans, R.F.J.; Pieters, C.; He, Z.-L. Thinking about U: Theorizing and testing U- and inverted U-shaped relationships in strategy research. Strategy Manag. J. 2016, 37, 1177–1195. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Aiken, L.S.; West, S.G. Multiple Regression: Testing and Interpreting Interactions; Sage: Thousand Oaks, CA, USA, 1991. [Google Scholar]
- Preacher, K.J.; Curran, P.J.; Bauer, D.J. Computational tools for probing interactions in multiple linear regression, multilevel modeling, and latent curve analysis. J. Educ. Behav. Stat. 2006, 31, 437–448. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Constructs | Cronbach’s α | AVE | CR |
---|---|---|---|
POQ | 0.873 | 0.661 | 0.811 |
Career adaptability | 0.836 | 0.614 | 0.861 |
Job crafting | 0.814 | 0.596 | 0.889 |
Variables | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1. Gender | 1.00 | |||||||
2. Age | −0.04 | 1.00 | ||||||
3. Education level | −0.06 | 0.09 | 1.00 | |||||
4. Company 1 a | 0.03 | 0.02 | 0.03 | 1.00 | ||||
5. Company 2 a | −0.11 | 0.03 | −0.01 | −0.24 * | 1.00 | |||
6. POQ | 0.03 | −0.01 | 0.06 | 0.10 | −0.11 | (0.81) | ||
7. CA | 0.02 | 0.13 * | 0.04 | −0.02 | 0.00 | 0.03 | (0.78) | |
8. JC | −0.10 | 0.06 | 0.08 | 0.09 | −0.16 * | 0.09 | 0.37 ** | (0.77) |
Mean | - | 31.29 | - | - | - | 3.96 | 4.06 | 3.89 |
Standard Deviation | - | 4.65 | - | - | - | 0.88 | 1.13 | 0.98 |
Variables | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | Model 4 |
---|---|---|---|---|
Gender | −0.03 | −0.07 | −0.11 | −0.09 |
Age | 0.01 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.00 |
Education level | 0.04 | 0.05 | 0.06 | 0.05 |
Company 1 a | 0.06 | 0.05 | −0.01 | −0.00 |
Company 2 a | −0.15 * | −0.14 * | −0.12 | −0.13 * |
POQ | 0.04 | 0.02 | 0.01 | |
POQ2 | −0.18 ** | −0.13 * | −0.15 * | |
CA | 0.31 ** | 0.27 ** | ||
POQ × CA | 0.13 * | |||
POQ2 × CA | −0.19 ** | |||
R2 | 0.035 | 0.076 * | 0.167 ** | 0.210 ** |
ΔR2 | 0.041 * | 0.091 ** | 0.041 * |
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. |
© 2020 by the author. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Woo, H.R. Perceived Overqualification and Job Crafting: The Curvilinear Moderation of Career Adaptability. Sustainability 2020, 12, 10458. https://doi.org/10.3390/su122410458
Woo HR. Perceived Overqualification and Job Crafting: The Curvilinear Moderation of Career Adaptability. Sustainability. 2020; 12(24):10458. https://doi.org/10.3390/su122410458
Chicago/Turabian StyleWoo, Hyung Rok. 2020. "Perceived Overqualification and Job Crafting: The Curvilinear Moderation of Career Adaptability" Sustainability 12, no. 24: 10458. https://doi.org/10.3390/su122410458
APA StyleWoo, H. R. (2020). Perceived Overqualification and Job Crafting: The Curvilinear Moderation of Career Adaptability. Sustainability, 12(24), 10458. https://doi.org/10.3390/su122410458