Figure 1.
Survey of points A, B, and C.
Figure 1.
Survey of points A, B, and C.
Figure 2.
Lao ying 2030 TSP sampler.
Figure 2.
Lao ying 2030 TSP sampler.
Figure 3.
COMDE DERENDA particulate sampler.
Figure 3.
COMDE DERENDA particulate sampler.
Figure 4.
Daily changes of PM2.5 and PM10 I/O ratios. (a) In the winter of 2016, (b) In the summer of 2016, (c) In the winter of 2017.
Figure 4.
Daily changes of PM2.5 and PM10 I/O ratios. (a) In the winter of 2016, (b) In the summer of 2016, (c) In the winter of 2017.
Figure 5.
Linear regression analysis of indoor and outdoor PM2.5 and PM10 concentration. (a) In the winter of 2016, (b) In the summer of 2016, (c) In the winter of 2017.
Figure 5.
Linear regression analysis of indoor and outdoor PM2.5 and PM10 concentration. (a) In the winter of 2016, (b) In the summer of 2016, (c) In the winter of 2017.
Figure 6.
Envelope structure gap schematic diagram.
Figure 6.
Envelope structure gap schematic diagram.
Figure 7.
Rectangular gap 3D illustration.
Figure 7.
Rectangular gap 3D illustration.
Figure 8.
Meshing. (a) 2D Meshing and (b) 3D Meshing.
Figure 8.
Meshing. (a) 2D Meshing and (b) 3D Meshing.
Figure 9.
Inlet velocity vector (h = 0.5mm).
Figure 9.
Inlet velocity vector (h = 0.5mm).
Figure 10.
Outlet velocity vector (h = 0.5mm).
Figure 10.
Outlet velocity vector (h = 0.5mm).
Figure 11.
Stress vector diagram (h = 0.5 mm).
Figure 11.
Stress vector diagram (h = 0.5 mm).
Figure 12.
Penetration rate between the particle size of gap height (Δ P = 10 pa, d = 3 cm)
Figure 12.
Penetration rate between the particle size of gap height (Δ P = 10 pa, d = 3 cm)
Figure 13.
Pressure vector (d = 5cm).
Figure 13.
Pressure vector (d = 5cm).
Figure 14.
Pressure vector (d = 7cm).
Figure 14.
Pressure vector (d = 7cm).
Figure 15.
Inlet velocity vector (d = 5cm).
Figure 15.
Inlet velocity vector (d = 5cm).
Figure 16.
Outlet velocity vector (d = 5cm).
Figure 16.
Outlet velocity vector (d = 5cm).
Figure 17.
Inlet velocity vector (d = 7cm).
Figure 17.
Inlet velocity vector (d = 7cm).
Figure 18.
Outlet velocity vector (d = 7cm).
Figure 18.
Outlet velocity vector (d = 7cm).
Figure 19.
Penetration rate of each particle size segment at different gap depths (Δ P = 10 pa, h =1 mm).
Figure 19.
Penetration rate of each particle size segment at different gap depths (Δ P = 10 pa, h =1 mm).
Figure 20.
Velocity vector (Δ P = 5 pa).
Figure 20.
Velocity vector (Δ P = 5 pa).
Figure 21.
Pressure vector (Δ P = 5 pa).
Figure 21.
Pressure vector (Δ P = 5 pa).
Figure 22.
Velocity vector (Δ P = 7 pa).
Figure 22.
Velocity vector (Δ P = 7 pa).
Figure 23.
Pressure vector (Δ P = 7 pa).
Figure 23.
Pressure vector (Δ P = 7 pa).
Figure 24.
Penetration rate of each particle size segment at different pressure differences (d = 3 cm, h = 1 mm).
Figure 24.
Penetration rate of each particle size segment at different pressure differences (d = 3 cm, h = 1 mm).
Figure 25.
Velocity vector of L-shaped gap.
Figure 25.
Velocity vector of L-shaped gap.
Figure 26.
Corner velocity vector of L-shaped gap.
Figure 26.
Corner velocity vector of L-shaped gap.
Figure 27.
Pressure vector of L-shaped gap.
Figure 27.
Pressure vector of L-shaped gap.
Figure 28.
Velocity vector of U-shaped gap.
Figure 28.
Velocity vector of U-shaped gap.
Figure 29.
Corner velocity vector of U-shaped gap. (a) Left corner, (b) right corner.
Figure 29.
Corner velocity vector of U-shaped gap. (a) Left corner, (b) right corner.
Figure 30.
Pressure vector of U-shaped gap.
Figure 30.
Pressure vector of U-shaped gap.
Figure 31.
The penetration rate of each particle size segment at different geometric shape gaps (d = 3 cm, h = 1 mm).
Figure 31.
The penetration rate of each particle size segment at different geometric shape gaps (d = 3 cm, h = 1 mm).
Table 1.
Survey overview.
Table 1.
Survey overview.
Measured Year | Measured Time | Number of Days | Measured Content |
---|
In the winter of 2016 | 2016-1-09 to 2016-1-22 | 14 days | Average daily concentration of PM2.5 and PM10 |
In the summer of 2016 | 2016-7-18 to 2016-8-03 | 17 days | Average daily concentration of PM2.5 and PM10 |
In the winter of 2017 | 2017-2-28 to 2017-3-13 | 14 days | Average daily concentration of PM2.5 and PM10 |
Table 2.
Survey of exterior windows of observation points [
12].
Table 2.
Survey of exterior windows of observation points [
12].
General Situation of the Content | Point A | Point B |
---|
Outside the window towards | North | South |
Outside the window structure | Three layers of low-e glass medium filled with argon | Plastic steel double glazing |
External window installation method | External type | Nested |
External window opening mode | Casement window | Sliding window |
External window heat transfer coefficient (W/m2, K) | 0.93 | 2.70 |
Air tightness rating | 8 | 4 |
Window width (mm) | 5250 | 1000 |
Window height (mm) | 3900 | 900 |
The number of windows in the building | 2 | 3 |
Table 3.
Lao ying 2030 TSP sampler technical parameters.
Table 3.
Lao ying 2030 TSP sampler technical parameters.
Technical Parameters | The Parameter Value |
---|
Sampling rate | 100 L/min |
Flow accuracy | ±5.0% or less |
Sampling time | Set anything within 100 h |
Timing accuracy | Less than ±1 s within 20 min |
Inlet velocity of sampling head | 0.3 m/s |
PM2.5 sampling head diameter | D = (2.5 ± 0.2) μm |
PM10 sampling head diameter | D = (10 ± 0.5) μm |
A membrane diameter | Φ 80 mm |
Applicable to ambient temperature range | −20–40 °C |
Applicable to ambient humidity range | 0–95% rH |
Table 4.
COMDE DERENDA sampler technical parameters.
Table 4.
COMDE DERENDA sampler technical parameters.
Technical Parameters | The Parameter Value |
---|
Sampling flow range | 1.5–3.5m/h (adjustable)3 |
Rated flow | 2.3 m/h3 |
Flow accuracy | The deviation within 24 h is less than 2% |
Load capacity | The flow is 2.3m/h, the resistance should not be less than 45kpa3 |
Sampling time | 1 min to 999 h (adjustable) |
Timing accuracy | Less than ±1s within 20 min |
Effective filter diameter | 47–50 mm |
Applicable to ambient temperature range | −30–50 °C |
Applicable to ambient humidity range | 0–100% rH |
Table 5.
Particulate matter the force magnitude.
Table 5.
Particulate matter the force magnitude.
Force | The Force of Gravity | Drag Force | Brown Force | Pressure Gradient Force | Thermophores Force |
---|
Orders of magnitude | 10−15 | 10−14 | 10−15 | 0 | 10−17 |
Table 6.
Airflow parameters (W = 0.5 m, d = 0.03 m, n = 0).
Table 6.
Airflow parameters (W = 0.5 m, d = 0.03 m, n = 0).
Gap Height h (mm) | Differential Pressure on Both Sides (pa) | Mean Velocity of Air in the Gap u (m/s) | Reynolds Number Re |
---|
1 | 5 | 0.7370 | 118.09 |
1 | 7 | 0.9940 | 159.28 |
1 | 10 | 1.3510 | 216.48 |
0.5 | 5 | 0.2050 | 16.45 |
0.5 | 7 | 0.2860 | 22.95 |
0.5 | 10 | 0.4070 | 32.66 |
0.1 | 5 | 0.0082 | 0.132 |
0.1 | 7 | 0.0144 | 0.231 |
0.1 | 10 | 0.0163 | 0.262 |
Table 7.
Slot flow parameters at different depths (H = 1mm, ΔP = 10 pa)
Table 7.
Slot flow parameters at different depths (H = 1mm, ΔP = 10 pa)
Gap Depth d (mm) | Differential Pressure (pa) | Gap Height h (mm) | Air Velocity v (m/s) | Reynolds Number Re |
---|
30 | 10 | 1 | 1.351 | 216.48 |
50 | 10 | 1 | 0.910 | 146.01 |
70 | 10 | 1 | 0.677 | 108.69 |
Table 8.
Airflow parameters of different geometries (H = 1 mm, Δ P = 10 pa).
Table 8.
Airflow parameters of different geometries (H = 1 mm, Δ P = 10 pa).
Aperture Shape | Differential Pressure (pa) | Gap Height h (mm) | Air Velocity v (m/s). | Reynolds Number Re |
---|
Rectangular | 10 | 1 | 1.351 | 216.48 |
L | 10 | 1 | 1.233 | 197.57 |
U | 10 | 1 | 1.114 | 178.5 |