Life Cycle Assessment of Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) Farming in Kenyir Lake, Terengganu
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methodologies
2.1. Study Area and System Description
2.2. Goal, Scope and System Boundary
2.2.1. System Boundary
2.2.2. Functional Unit
3. Results
3.1. Life Cycle Inventory (LCI)
3.2. Effect on Various Environmental Impact Categories
3.2.1. Fish Feed
3.2.2. Infrastructure
3.2.3. Operation
3.3. Analysis on Feeding Ingredients
3.4. Analysis on Infrastructure and Operation
4. Sensitivity Analysis
5. Conclusions and Recommendation
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Authors, Year | Species | Functional Unit | System Boundary | Software | Impact Category |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Abdou et al., (2018) [15] | Seabass and Seabream | 1 tonne of fish | Cradle-to-gate | SimaPro v. 8.0 | ACD, EUT, GW, LOP, NNPU, TCED |
Parker (2018) [16] | Atlantic Salmon | 1 tonne of salmon | Farm gate | SimaPro v. 8.1 | GW, TCED, PO ACD, EUT, OLD, |
Yacout et al., (2016) [17] | Tilapia | 1 tonne of tilapia | Cradle-to-farm-gate | SimaPro v. 7.2 | ACD, EUT, GW, TCED |
Pahri et al., (2016) [18] | Cockles | 70 kg of cockles | Cradle-to-farm-gate | SimaPro v. 8 | ABD, GW, HT, FET, MET, PO, ACD, EUT, OLD, TET |
(García et al., 2016) [19] | Gilthead seabream | 1000 tonnes | Cradle-to-grave | SimaPro v. 8.04 | ABD, GW, OLD, PO, ACD, EUT, TCED |
(Ayer et al., 2016) [20] | Atlantic Salmon | 1 tonne of salmon | Market | SimaPro v. 7.3.3 | ACD, EUT, GW, TCED, MET, MD |
(Aubin et al., 2015) [21] | Black tiger prawn, Mud crabs, Tilapia and Milkfish | 1 tonne of product | Cradle-to-gate | SimaPro v. 7.0 | EUT, ACD, GW, LOP, NNPU, TCED |
Dekamin et al., (2015) [22] | Rainbow trout | 1 tonne of live fish | Farm Gate | SimaPro 7.1 software | EUT, ACD, GW, ABD, HT, FET, PO, WD |
Pongpat and Tongpool (2013) [23] | Nile Tilapia and Striped Catfish | 1 kg of fish | Cradle-to-gate | SimaPro v. 7.3 | ABD, ACD, GW |
Mungkung et al., (2013) [24] | Carp and tilapia | 1 tonne of fish | Cradle-to-farm gate | Not stated | WD, ACD, EUT, GW, LOP, TCED, NPPU |
Activities (1) | Parameter Input (2) | Feed Ingredients (kg·t−1) (3) | Quantity (4) |
---|---|---|---|
Feeding | Formulation | Fish meal (15%) | 309.34 kg |
Meat meal (5%) | 103.11 kg | ||
Soybean meal (22%) | 412.46 kg | ||
Ground nut meal (10%) | 206.23 kg | ||
Rice Bran (10%) | 206.23 kg | ||
Wheat middling (16%) | 309.34 kg | ||
Broken rice (16%) | 309.34 kg | ||
fish oil (6%) | 82.49 kg | ||
Materials (kg·t−1) | |||
Infrastructure | Net Cage | Netting (Nylon) | 406.81 kg |
Frame (Galvanized Steel) | 409.29 kg | ||
High-density polyethylene (HDPE) drum | 450.22 kg | ||
Operation | Materials used | Boat (Glass fibre) | 8.96 kg |
Boat Engine (Cast Iron) | 4.48 kg | ||
High-density polyethylene (HDPE) drum | 1.97 kg | ||
Petrol | 33.07 kg | ||
Electricity | 24.81 kWh |
Parameter Output (1) | Amount (kg·t−1) (2) |
---|---|
Nitrous Oxide (N2O) | 1.69 |
Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) | 5.328 |
Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) | 5.04 |
Total Suspended Solid (TSS) | 100.8 |
Ammonia-Nitrogen (NH3-N) | 0.7344 |
Phosphorus (P) | 0.72 |
Nitrogen (N) | 0.36 |
Parameter | Aquaculture Farm | No Aquaculture Activity |
---|---|---|
Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) | 7.4 mg/L | 3.3 mg/L |
Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) | 7 mg/L | 6.5 mg/L |
Total Suspended Solid (TSS) | 140 mg/L | 80 mg/L |
Ammonia-Nitrogen (NH3-N) | 1.02 mg/L | 4.5 mg/L |
Phosphorus (P) | 0.9 mg/L | 0.2 mg/L |
Nitrogen (N) | 1 mg/L | 0.4 mg/L |
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Dullah, H.; Malek, M.A.; Hanafiah, M.M. Life Cycle Assessment of Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) Farming in Kenyir Lake, Terengganu. Sustainability 2020, 12, 2268. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12062268
Dullah H, Malek MA, Hanafiah MM. Life Cycle Assessment of Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) Farming in Kenyir Lake, Terengganu. Sustainability. 2020; 12(6):2268. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12062268
Chicago/Turabian StyleDullah, Hayana, M. A. Malek, and Marlia M. Hanafiah. 2020. "Life Cycle Assessment of Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) Farming in Kenyir Lake, Terengganu" Sustainability 12, no. 6: 2268. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12062268
APA StyleDullah, H., Malek, M. A., & Hanafiah, M. M. (2020). Life Cycle Assessment of Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) Farming in Kenyir Lake, Terengganu. Sustainability, 12(6), 2268. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12062268