Motivational Variables to Predict Autotelic Experience and Enjoyment of Students. Analysis in Function of Environment and Sports Practice
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Design of the Study
2.2. Participants
2.3. Instruments
- The Perceived Autonomy Support Scale for Exercise Settings (PASSES). To measure the support for autonomy from the teacher to the students in the PE classes, developed by Hagger et al. [50], translated into Spanish and validated in Spanish by Moreno-Murcia et al. [51]. This Scale consists of 12 items, which measure one factor: support for autonomy;
- The Perceived Locus of Causality Scale in PE (PLOC). To measure the contextual motivation of students in PE classes. Developed by Goudas et al. [52], translated into Spanish and validated in Spanish by Moreno-Murcia, et al. [53]. It is composed of 20 items that are divided into five factors: intrinsic motivation, identified regulation, introjected regulation, external regulation and amotivation;
- Basic Psychological Needs in Exercise Scale to Physical Education (BPNES). To measure the satisfaction of the three BPN (competence, autonomy and relatedness). Developed by Vlachopoulos et al. [54], translated into Spanish and validated in Spanish by Moreno-Murcia et al. [55]. It is composed of 12 items, which are divided into three factors: autonomy, competence and relatedness;
- The Dispositional Flow Scale-2 (DFS-2). This study employed the Spanish version created by González-Cutre et al. [56] of the Dispositional Flow Scale-2 by Jackson et al. [57]. The scale measured the propensity to experience flow in PE classes, yet only the items that measured the autotelic experience factor were used. Therefore, only the four items that measure this factor were used;
- The Sport Satisfaction Instrument for PE classes (SSI-PE). To measure the degree of satisfaction of students in PE classes. Developed by Duda et al. [58], translated into Spanish and validated in Spanish by Baena-Extremera et al. [37]. It consists of eight items divided into two factors: satisfaction and boredom with PE classes, however only items (five items) that measured satisfaction/enjoyment with PE classes were used.
2.4. Process
2.5. Data Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Descriptive Statistics and Reliability Analysis
3.2. Regression Analysis
3.3. Variance Analysis
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variables | M | SD | Cronbachs Alpha | Omega Coefficient |
---|---|---|---|---|
PASSES | ||||
Support for Autonomy | 6.63 | 2.10 | 0.90 | 0.92 |
PLOC | ||||
Intrinsic Motivation | 8.32 | 1.64 | 0.75 | 0.79 |
Identified Regulation | 8.31 | 1.87 | 0.61 | 0.76 |
Introjected Regulation | 5.28 | 3.03 | 0.63 | 0.77 |
External Regulation | 4.60 | 2.96 | 0.69 | 0.79 |
Amotivation | 2.27 | 2.31 | 0.74 | 0.81 |
BPNES | ||||
Autonomy | 6.09 | 2.24 | 0.75 | 0.83 |
Competence | 7.58 | 1.72 | 0.69 | 0.81 |
Relatedness | 8.38 | 1.61 | 0.77 | 0.84 |
FLOW | ||||
Autotelic Experience | 7.98 | 1.80 | 0.82 | 0.89 |
SSI-PE | ||||
Satisfaction/Enjoyment | 8.23 | 1.65 | 0.81 | 0.70 |
Variables | β | R2 | t | p |
---|---|---|---|---|
Step 1 | 0.40 | |||
Intrinsic Motivation | 0.63 | 13.37 | 0.00 **1 | |
Step 2 | 0.52 | |||
Intrinsic Motivation | 0.49 | 10.92 | 0.00 ** | |
BPN Competence | 0.37 | 8.15 | 0.00 ** | |
Step 3 | 0.59 | |||
Intrinsic Motivation | 0.36 | 7.90 | 0.00 ** | |
BPN Competence | 0.30 | 7.06 | 0.00 ** | |
Support for Autonomy | 0.32 | 6.94 | 0.00 ** | |
Step 4 | 0.62 | |||
Intrinsic Motivation | 0.34 | 7.56 | 0.00 ** | |
BPN Competence | 0.31 | 7.30 | 0.00 ** | |
Support for Autonomy | 0.30 | 6.78 | 0.00 ** | |
Amotivation | −0.15 | −4.02 | 0.00 ** | |
Step 5 | 0.63 | |||
Intrinsic Motivation | 0.28 | 5.90 | 0.00 ** | |
BPN Competence | 0.26 | 5.96 | 0.00 ** | |
Support for Autonomy | 0.27 | 5.87 | 0.00 ** | |
Amotivation | −0.17 | −4.39 | 0.00 ** | |
BPN Autonomy | 0.17 | 3.53 | 0.00 ** | |
Step 6 | 0.64 | |||
Intrinsic Motivation | 0.27 | 5.66 | 0.00 ** | |
BPN Competence | 0.24 | 5.50 | 0.00 ** | |
Support for Autonomy | 0.24 | 5.36 | 0.00 ** | |
Amotivation | −0.16 | −4.18 | 0.00 ** | |
BPN Autonomy | 0.17 | 3.60 | 0.00 ** | |
BPN Relatedness | 0.11 | 2.65 | 0.01 *2 |
Variables | β | R2 | t | p |
---|---|---|---|---|
Step 1 | 0.36 | |||
Support for Autonomy | 0.60 | 12.16 | 0.00 **1 | |
Step 2 | 0.48 | |||
Support for Autonomy | 0.41 | 7.87 | 0.00 ** | |
Intrinsic Motivation | 0.40 | 7.82 | 0.00 ** | |
Step 3 | 0.51 | |||
Support for Autonomy | 0.35 | 6.98 | 0.00 ** | |
Intrinsic Motivation | 0.35 | 6.88 | 0.00 ** | |
Competence | 0.19 | 4.11 | 0.00 ** | |
Step 4 | 0.52 | |||
Support for Autonomy | 0.32 | 6.28 | 0.00 ** | |
Intrinsic Motivation | 0.30 | 5.63 | 0.00 ** | |
BPN Competence | 0.16 | 3.19 | 0.00 *2 | |
BPN Autonomy | 0.13 | 2.37 | 0.02 * | |
Step 5 | 0.53 | |||
Support for Autonomy | 0.34 | 6.54 | 0.00 ** | |
Intrinsic Motivation | 0.32 | 5.87 | 0.00 ** | |
BPN Competence | 0.17 | 3.49 | 0.00 * | |
BPN Autonomy | 0.15 | 2.70 | 0.01 * | |
Introjected Regulation | −0.11 | −2.28 | 0.02 * |
Variables | Mean Urban Zone | Mean Rural Zone | p | EffectSize | Quadratic Mean | F |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Support for Autonomy | 6.27 | 6.93 | 0.01 *1 | 0.66 | 29.18 | 6.74 |
Intrinsic Motivation | 8.41 | 8.26 | 0.46 | −0.15 | 1.51 | 0.56 |
Identified Regulation | 8.46 | 8.18 | 0.27 | −0.28 | 5.38 | 1.54 |
Introjected Regulation | 4.89 | 5.60 | 0.05 | 0.71 | 34.26 | 3.77 |
External Regulation | 5.35 | 3.97 | 0.00 **2 | −1.38 | 128.74 | 15.44 |
Amotivation | 2.77 | 1.86 | 0.00 ** | −0.91 | 55.61 | 10.82 |
BPN Autonomy | 5.86 | 6.28 | 0.130 | 0.41 | 11.55 | 2.31 |
BPN Competence | 7.56 | 7.60 | 0.88 | 0.04 | 0.13 | 0.04 |
BPN Relatedness | 8.22 | 8.52 | 0.13 | 0.29 | 5.92 | 2.29 |
Autotelic Experience | 7.94 | 8.01 | 0.74 | 0.07 | 0.37 | 0.11 |
Satisfaction/Enjoyment | 8.23 | 8.22 | 0.96 | −0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 |
Variables | Mean Practice | Mean Non-Practice | p | Effect Size | Quadratic Mean | F |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Support for Autonomy | 6.91 | 6.20 | 0.01 *1 | 0.70 | 32.55 | 7.55 |
Intrinsic Motivation | 8.58 | 7.94 | 0.00 * | 0.64 | 26.39 | 10.09 |
Identified Regulation | 8.34 | 8.26 | 0.74 | 0.08 | 0.40 | 0.11 |
Introjected Regulation | 5.51 | 4.94 | 0.13 | 0.57 | 21.06 | 2.30 |
External Regulation | 4.33 | 5.00 | 0.07 | −0.66 | 28.43 | 3.26 |
Amotivation | 2.10 | 2.55 | 0.11 | −0.46 | 13.68 | 2.58 |
BPN Autonomy | 6.31 | 5.75 | 0.04 * | 0.56 | 20.19 | 4.07 |
BPN Competence | 7.83 | 7.20 | 0.00 * | 0.63 | 25.92 | 8.99 |
BPN Relatedness | 8.60 | 8.04 | 0.00 * | 0.56 | 20.57 | 8.13 |
Autotelic Experience | 8.22 | 7.61 | 0.01 * | 0.61 | 24.39 | 7.73 |
Satisfaction/Enjoyment | 8.35 | 8.04 | 0.13 | 0.31 | 6.26 | 2.30 |
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Leyton-Román, M.; Guíu-Carrera, M.; Coto-Cañamero, A.; Jiménez-Castuera, R. Motivational Variables to Predict Autotelic Experience and Enjoyment of Students. Analysis in Function of Environment and Sports Practice. Sustainability 2020, 12, 2352. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12062352
Leyton-Román M, Guíu-Carrera M, Coto-Cañamero A, Jiménez-Castuera R. Motivational Variables to Predict Autotelic Experience and Enjoyment of Students. Analysis in Function of Environment and Sports Practice. Sustainability. 2020; 12(6):2352. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12062352
Chicago/Turabian StyleLeyton-Román, Marta, Marta Guíu-Carrera, Asier Coto-Cañamero, and Ruth Jiménez-Castuera. 2020. "Motivational Variables to Predict Autotelic Experience and Enjoyment of Students. Analysis in Function of Environment and Sports Practice" Sustainability 12, no. 6: 2352. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12062352
APA StyleLeyton-Román, M., Guíu-Carrera, M., Coto-Cañamero, A., & Jiménez-Castuera, R. (2020). Motivational Variables to Predict Autotelic Experience and Enjoyment of Students. Analysis in Function of Environment and Sports Practice. Sustainability, 12(6), 2352. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12062352