Urban Sprawl Risk Delimitation: The Concept for Spatial Planning Policy in Poland
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Current State of Knowledge
- low building density;
- lack of spatial continuity between existing buildings;
- lack of concentration of buildings in a relatively small area;
- no grouping of buildings into compact settlements;
- spatial decentralization associated with large building distances from the city center;
- polynuclearity reflecting the multitude of settlements;
- lack of functional differentiation of land use;
- lack of proximity, i.e., proximity of functionally different types of land.
- Leaving for work to the FUA core;
- Migration (registration) from the FUA core;
- Share of persons employed in non-agricultural occupations;
- Intensity of economic entities (in relation to the population);
- Share of business entities belonging to higher-order services in the total number of entities;
- Population density (excluding forests and waters);
- Newly built housing in relation to the population.
- Recommendations of the Ministry of Regional Development of Poland (the FUAs of these cities: Białystok, Gorzów Wielkopolski, Lublin, Olsztyn, Rzeszów, Zielona Góra and Wrocław);
- Strategic studies of regions (the FUAs of the Central Subregion and Łódź);
- Prior cooperation of communes (the FUAs of Trójmiasto, Poznań and Szczecin);
- Expertise (the FUAs of Bydgosko-Toruński and Kielce);
- The decision of the ITI association (the FUAs of Kraków, Opole and Warszawa).
3. Materials and Methods
3.1. The Maximum Research Range
3.2. Urban Sprawl Possibility
3.2.1. Settlement Structure
3.2.2. Migration Processes
3.2.3. Spatial Policy Efficiency
3.2.4. Data, Techniques and Criteria Used
4. Results
5. Discussion
6. Conclusions
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- universality of the method—caused by the inclusion of statistical data that is collected in most countries. In addition, the methodology is not complicated in the field of computational work, which allows it to be used also by public administration employees dealing with the issues of broadly understood spatial management. The method makes it possible to determine the phenomenon within the administrative boundaries of the unit, giving the opportunity to modify, for example, local spatial policy threatened by the phenomenon of urban sprawl. Furthermore, it can be useful when determining integrated development strategies, e.g., for metropolitan areas, in the field of comprehensive assessment of occurring phenomena in space.
- -
- the use of medium-term indexes of chain dynamics and a moving average—enabling “smoothing” behavior in variable time. This allows for objective identification of the direction of changes and assessment of the attributes assigned to urban sprawl.
- -
- considering the method the efficiency of spatial policy as a necessary condition for identifying urban sprawl. Development processes take place in various spatial forms. Hence, some areas are not built up, leaving empty spaces between developments. This creates an inconsistent spatial structure attributed to urban sprawl. However, such a structure, when it is the implementation of a plan, in which the next planned investments will fill the vacant areas, cannot be defined as uncontrolled. In fact, it takes part in the planned process. On the other hand, a situation may arise in which the same spatial structure was created as the sum of individual investments carried out by various entities, in the absence of location coordination by public authorities. This is often the case in Poland in the absence of spatial plans in the commune. In this situation, we are dealing with inefficient spatial policy, resulting in the creation of a spatial structure with attributes connected to urban sprawl. Therefore, the strength of the proposed method is to take into account the assessment of spatial policy efficiency in coordinating spatial development. In addition, the method uses information contained in, among other things, planning documents, and these are developed in a variety of planning systems, including the Germanic, Scandinavian, Napoleonic and British systems.
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- the use of data on migration from cities that do not clearly indicate the city from which the population migrates. In the case of Poland, this problem is compounded by the polycentric structure of Poland, where many capitals of the regions are located close to each other. This phenomenon is particularly observed in the southern part of Poland. As a result, in the case of communes remote from the city, we do not know exactly whether the migration is from the capital of one or another nearby city. Therefore, this method limitation was tried to be amortized by adopting the maximum range of the phenomenon (stage 1). It seems that the application of the method to other countries with a polycentric structure of the country and small distances between cities must obligatorily include setting the maximum range of research, while in monocentric countries or those with large distances between cities, this stage may be optional.
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- the problem of spatial policy efficiency assessment. In the case of the proposed method, data collected in Poland was used, while discussing that administrative decisions document the lack of spatial policy, as they are issued in the absence of spatial plans in the commune. The administrative decision is therefore individual to the investment and does not take into account a coherent vision of territory development. Therefore, one cannot say that it is an instrument of policy efficiency, which is why it was treated as a de-stimulant in this research. However, an instrument of efficiency may be a spatial plan, and the higher the coverage of a commune’s area with plans, the more coherent and thought out local spatial policy becomes. Therefore, if the method is used in other countries, the approach to quantifying the efficiency of spatial policy must be individually adopted.
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- the dominance of quantitative techniques, which in full implementation of research outside Poland may not always result in correct evaluation. During the internationalization of the method, the researcher will be forced to consider the specific local conditions of the studied country.
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variable | Period |
---|---|
1. New buildings completed | 2009–2016 |
2. Number of apartments per 1k residents | 2003–2014 |
3. Registrations from city | 1995–2016 |
4. Balance of internal migration | 1995–2016 |
5. Newly registered business entities | 2009–2016 |
6. Administrative decisions on constructions conditions | 2009–2016 |
7. Coverage of LSDP | 2009–2016 |
Variable | IG | S(n,k) |
---|---|---|
1. New buildings completed | 0.2 | 0.2 |
2. Number of apartments per 1k residents | 0.1 | 0.1 |
3. Registrations from city | 0.2 | 0.2 |
4. Balance of internal migration | 0.3 | 0.3 |
5. Newly registered business entities | 0.1 | 0.1 |
6. Administrative decisions on constructions conditions | 0.05 | 0.05 |
7. Coverage of LSDP | 0.05 | 0.05 |
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Lityński, P.; Hołuj, A. Urban Sprawl Risk Delimitation: The Concept for Spatial Planning Policy in Poland. Sustainability 2020, 12, 2637. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12072637
Lityński P, Hołuj A. Urban Sprawl Risk Delimitation: The Concept for Spatial Planning Policy in Poland. Sustainability. 2020; 12(7):2637. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12072637
Chicago/Turabian StyleLityński, Piotr, and Artur Hołuj. 2020. "Urban Sprawl Risk Delimitation: The Concept for Spatial Planning Policy in Poland" Sustainability 12, no. 7: 2637. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12072637