Pool-Type Fishway Design for a Potamodromous Cyprinid in the Iberian Peninsula: The Iberian Barbel—Synthesis and Future Directions
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Swimming Performance of the Iberian Barbel and Hydrodynamics
3. Hydraulics of Pool-Type Fishways
3.1. Flow Regime and Discharge
3.2. Water Surface Profile
3.3. Flow Pattern, Velocity Distribution and Turbulence Levels in the Pools
4. Comparative Passage Performance of Fishway Types for the Iberian Barbel
4.1. Overview of Conditions Tested
4.2. Overview of Main Findings
4.2.1. NOF
4.2.2. OF with Smooth Bottom
4.2.3. OF with Bottom Substrates
4.2.4. Vertical Slot Fishways (VSF)
5. Guidelines for Design of Fishways
- (1)
- Conduct fishway studies and evaluations preferably during spring and early-summer when fish are motivated to migrate upstream due to adequate environmental conditions, such as river discharge and water temperature. This should also include the dimensioning of the fishway itself, considering the range of river flows and water levels experienced during this season and the associated topographic works.
- (2)
- Combine surface notches with submerged orifices for barbel passage. Submerged orifices were clearly the preferential route choice of barbel to upstream movements in pool-and-weir fishways (>75% of total movements) so their use should always be encouraged, if possible with surface notches, to provide alternative routes of passage, when the former, which are more easily prone to clogging, become blocked by woody debris. This may be of particular importance in remote locations, where regular checking and maintenance of the fishway is seldom performed.
- (3)
- Provide streaming flow conditions within pool-type fishways whenever surface notches are present. Streaming flow proved to be a more efficient flow regime by facilitating upstream passage. Such conditions should be favored in detriment of plunging ones. Provided that sufficient water is available, this could be achieved by increasing the fishway discharge and allowing submersion of the crest of the notches as a consequence of increasing the water level of the downstream pools.
- (4)
- Encourage the implementation of offset orifice arrangements. Offset orifices were shown to provide a higher passage success and to be more efficient in passing barbel, particularly smaller individuals, with minimal delay. Contrarily, straight orifices arrangements should be avoided as they may cause higher shear stress in the vicinity of the orifices, larger vortices, and more pronounced changes in velocity, which seemed to have hampered upstream movements.
- (5)
- Consider the placement of submerged structures (e.g., artificial or natural boulders) in the pool’s bottom. This will allow attenuating the high turbulence levels (particularly, the horizontal RSS) detected in the vicinity of the submerged orifices, which seemed to hamper and delay the movement of small fish. This placement of structural elements should also be favored in the pools itself to reduce the size of potential recirculation regions that might trap fish.
- (6)
- Favor relative depths of flow (d/h)—as the ratio between the mean water depth in the pool (d) and the height of artificial bottom structures (h)—higher than 4. This ratio was found to be more beneficial to fish passage since it creates small reverse-flow fields that might aid upstream movements. In addition, it favors the presence of negative vertical (i.e., descendent) velocities that best orientate the fish within the pathways created by such structures.
- (7)
- Use submerged structures embedded on pools bottom at high density, combined with higher fishway discharge. This should be encouraged as it significantly reduced fish transit time; thus, it is particularly important to be considered in case of longer fishways, where the energy expenditure of migrating fish may be higher and hence fish may be more prone to fatigue. If, however, fishway discharge is a constraint, a lower density design should be employed instead, because lower density yielded higher passage success with low discharge. Whichever the case, regular inspections and maintenance of the pools is necessary due to potential clogging by floating and dragged debris.
- (8)
- Provide an adequate fishway discharge, which should be sufficiently attractive for the fish, but not excessive. Fishway discharge is a critical variable as barbel’s passage was found to be flow-related, being higher at higher discharges, but not excessively high (flow in the present study encompassed a high variability, i.e., from 38.5 L·s−1 to 402 L·s−1). The optimal value will depend on the size of the fishway considered (larger/wider fishways will require higher flows to adequately operate) and on the range of flow variations in the river. In some cases, it might be important to consider the provision of an extra flow to increase attraction or to provide an additional fish entrance.
- (9)
- Provide water velocities within the pools in the order of 0.40 m·s−1–0.60 m·s−1. Water velocity within the pools was found to be a key-feature for effective fish passage in pool-type fishways. Water velocities should be sufficiently attractive for fish but should not exceed fish swimming capacity. Excessive velocities and the consequent excessive turbulence will make it difficult for fish to keep oriented while trying to negotiate the fishway. For the barbel, mean water velocities within the pools ranging between 0.40 m·s−1 and 0.60 m·s−1 seemed to provide adequate conditions for fishway negotiation.
- (10)
- Provide head drops between pools of 16 cm–20 cm. This will provide water velocities in the slots (in case of VSF) of up to 1.7 m·s−1, therefore below the desirable threshold of 2 m·s−1 (limited established for cyprinids [105]). Although being dependent on head drop between the pools, such velocities are relatively unaffected by discharge.
- (11)
- Use vertical slots featuring slots with a single lateral baffle. This should be preferred in detriment to those presenting an additional central baffle. Although significant differences between both slot configurations were not found on the number of successful upstream movements, configurations with a single lateral baffle may be a better option, because it requires a lower discharge to operate, making it a more cost-effective design.
- (12)
- Consider the use of multi-slot fishways (MSF) in detriment of standard vertical-slot fishways (VSF). Despite their similar performance in terms of successful negotiations, MSF were shown to be more discharge-efficient than VSF, because they required 31% less water to operate for the same water depth in the pools. Therefore, velocity and turbulence are expected to present lower magnitudes, which will favor the negotiation by smaller individuals. Nonetheless, managers should bear in mind that due to their lower operational discharge and design characteristics, MSF could lack appropriate attraction flow while being more prone to clogging. To overcome the problem of adequate attraction flow, an additional discharge at the fishway entrance could be provided to increase attraction and make these fishways more competitive with the dominant flow.
- (13)
- Take into consideration the non-uniformity of flow caused by variations in river water levels upon designing and evaluating the performance of fishways. The non-uniform scenarios, namely the “backwater” profile and the “drawdown” profile, were shown to affect fish distribution due to a change in local hydrodynamics of the pool, and should be considered as they are representative for the changes in up- and downstream water levels that naturally occur with changes in river flow over the year. In such cases, fishways may need to be adapted, for example with adaptable sills in the most downstream cross-walls or submerged pre-barrages downstream of the fishway as suggested by Fuentes-Pérez et al. [74].
6. Missing Pieces and Future Directions
6.1. Science: Ecology and Technology
6.2. Society
6.3. Policy
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Study | Ref. | Type | Main Findings |
---|---|---|---|
Silva et al., 2009 | [88] | NOF | Orifices clear choice to negotiate the fishway Orifices and notches equally used during streaming flow Orifices used much more than notches during plunging flow |
Quintella et al., 2009 | [89] | OF | EMG telemetry useful to monitor barbel in pool-type fishways |
Silva et al., 2011 | [34] | OF | Larger adults with higher passage success than smaller ones Time to negotiate the fishway lower for larger adults Horizontal RSS as the most important hydraulic variable |
Silva et al., 2012 | [39] | OF | Offset orifice configuration better than the straight one RSS the one that most strongly influenced fish movements |
Silva et al., 2012 | [38] | OF | Higher passage rates/lower time with offset orifices Size-related behavioral responses to turbulence RSS most important turbulence descriptor Behavior of larger fish strongly affected by eddies |
Alexandre et al., 2013 | [41] | OF | Burst swimming was required to move through the orifices Horizontal RSS as the most important hydraulic variable |
Branco et al., 2013 | [85] | NOF | Species used the notches more readily during streaming flow Species more successful during streaming flow Streaming flow most suitable with different species |
Santos et al., 2013 | [86] | OF | Lower relative depth of flow more beneficial to fish passage |
Santos et al., 2014 | [40] | OF | Fish passage success discharge-related Fish passage success independent of boulder density Higher boulder density and discharge lowered time of passage |
Aramburu et al., 2014 | [90] | VSF | Iberian barbel had higher passage success than Mediterranean barbel and Iberian nase Larger fish were more successful in negotiating the fishway Lower fish passage at higher discharge |
Branco et al., 2015 | [91] | OF | Boulders: greater fish passage success at higher discharge Grass: greater fish passage success at lower discharge |
Rodríguez et al., 2015 | [80] | VSF | Fish avoided high velocity and turbulent areas Fish rested frequently in the upstream low-velocity areas of the pools |
Sanz-Ronda et al., 2016 | [49] | VSF | Barbel and nase ascended easily the VSF Barbel and nase performed better than trout Fishway discharge affected fish motivation Fishway discharge did not influence passage success |
Romão et al., 2017 | [69] | VSF | No difference in the number of upstream movements between the slot configurations C1 and C2. C2 is more cost-effective because it requires less water. |
Bravo-Cordoba et al., 2018 | [92] | NOF | Environmental variables were important for fish entrance. No preference between path routes Dual-entrance fishway could be important for conservation |
Bravo-Cordoba et al., 2018 | [42] | VSF + NOF | Ascent ability in VSF and NOF were similar Larger fish displayed lower transit time in ascension Motivation greater in VSF, though not relevant for success |
Fuentes-Pérez et al., 2018 | [76] | VSF | Broader use of the fishway pools with lower head drop Protection by the walls was key in the use of space VSF designed with uniform flow can be unsuitable when non-uniform conditions are present |
Romão et al., 2018 | [93] | VSF | No difference in passage performance between VSF and MSF MSF is preferable as it requires less water (31%) to operate |
Romão et al., 2018 | [94] | VSF | No differences in fish success between spring and autumn Fish passage evaluation can be extended to early-autumn |
Romão et al., 2019 | [95] | VSF | No differences in fish success between spring and autumn MSF can be considered a cost-effective design for the barbel |
Pedescoll et al., 2019 | [96] | NOF | Upstream passage efficiency was the greatest for barbel (60%) Entry efficiency was low for the barbel (3.8%) Fishway has limited efficiency for small fish |
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Silva, A.T.; Bermúdez, M.; Santos, J.M.; Rabuñal, J.R.; Puertas, J. Pool-Type Fishway Design for a Potamodromous Cyprinid in the Iberian Peninsula: The Iberian Barbel—Synthesis and Future Directions. Sustainability 2020, 12, 3387. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12083387
Silva AT, Bermúdez M, Santos JM, Rabuñal JR, Puertas J. Pool-Type Fishway Design for a Potamodromous Cyprinid in the Iberian Peninsula: The Iberian Barbel—Synthesis and Future Directions. Sustainability. 2020; 12(8):3387. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12083387
Chicago/Turabian StyleSilva, Ana T., María Bermúdez, José M. Santos, Juan R. Rabuñal, and Jerónimo Puertas. 2020. "Pool-Type Fishway Design for a Potamodromous Cyprinid in the Iberian Peninsula: The Iberian Barbel—Synthesis and Future Directions" Sustainability 12, no. 8: 3387. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12083387