Determinants of Temporary Trade Barriers in Global Forest Products Industry
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methodology
2.1. Empirical Models
2.2. Estimation Techniques
2.3. Data and Variables
3. Results
3.1. Summary Statistics and Model Selection
3.2. Determinants of Global and Developing Countries Scenario
3.3. Determinants of the Paper and Non-Paper Products Scenario
4. Discussion and Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variable | Description | Expected Value |
---|---|---|
Dependent variables | ||
Z | Dummy = 1 if imposed trade barriers; 0 otherwise | - |
Y | Number of trade barriers that countries implement | - |
Independent variables | ||
ForestArea | Forest area (thousand sq. km) | >0 |
ForestCov | Percentage of forest area in total land area (%) | >0 |
Employment | Employment in agriculture (% of total employment) | >0 |
Export | Exports of goods and services (% of GDP) | >0 |
Import | Imports of goods and services (% of GDP) | <0 |
Tariff | Tariff rate, most favored nation, manufactured products (%) | 0 |
FDI | Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP) | <0 |
GdpCur | GDP per capita (thousand US dollar) | >0 |
Expend | Expenditure on tertiary education | >0 |
Inflation | Inflation, consumer prices (annual %) | <0 |
Income | Income share held by highest 20% | <0 |
Variable | Minimum | Mean | Maximum | SD |
---|---|---|---|---|
Dependent variables | ||||
Z | 0 | 0.31 | 1 | - |
Y | 1 | 14.52 | 52 | 13.42 |
Independent variables | ||||
ForestArea | 0.00 | 369.48 | 7744.59 | 1095.98 |
ForestCov | 0.01 | 29.21 | 84.39 | 21.30 |
Employment | 0.09 | 12.01 | 56.74 | 11.67 |
Export | 3.27 | 34.85 | 97.18 | 17.14 |
Import | 4.87 | 38.94 | 82.65 | 16.78 |
Tariff | 0.57 | 6.10 | 15.51 | 3.44 |
FDI | 0.19 | 3.61 | 17.50 | 2.87 |
GdpCur | 0.28 | 9.11 | 65.70 | 13.43 |
Expend | 0 | 15.06 | 35.80 | 10.58 |
Inflation | 0.11 | 22.52 | 1225.33 | 131.65 |
Income | 0 | 14.92 | 51.45 | 15.38 |
All Variables | Global Countries | Developing Countries | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Coef. | t Value | ME | Coef. | t Value | ME | |
Selection step | ||||||
Constant | 0.021 | 0.039 | −0.015 | −0.023 | ||
ForestArea | 0.001 | 1.058 | 0.000 | −0.000 | −0.031 | −0.000 |
Import | −0.071 ** | −2.104 | −0.332 ** | −0.085 ** | −2.180 | −0.396 ** |
Export | 0.037 | 1.498 | 0.172 | 0.054 ** | 1.962 | 0.251 ** |
GdpCur | 0.016 | 1.333 | 0.073 | −0.014 | −0.598 | −0.191 |
Employment | 0.046 ** | 2.300 | 0.217 ** | 0.050 ** | 2.163 | 0.232 ** |
Outcome step | ||||||
Constant | 1.513 | 1.185 | 2.267 | 1.016 | ||
ForestCov | −0.018 *** | −2.833 | −0.137 *** | −0.018 * | −1.836 | −0.104 * |
Inflation | −0.040 *** | −3.444 | −0.296 *** | −0.045 *** | −3.343 | −0.258 *** |
Import | −0.082 * | −1.723 | −0.613 * | −0.113 | −1.556 | −0.655 |
Export | 0.079 * | 1.894 | 0.594 * | 0.103 | 1.569 | 0.593 |
Industry | 0.031 | 1.107 | 0.232 | 0.021 | 0.419 | 0.119 |
GdpCur | 0.040 ** | 2.245 | 0.298 ** | 0.034 | 0.590 | 0.191 |
Tariff | 0.068 | 1.405 | 0.512 | 0.051 | 0.907 | 0.293 |
Model statistics | ||||||
LogL | −138.691 | −107.105 | ||||
0.200 ** | 0.200 ** | |||||
0.112 * | 0.087 * | |||||
0.869 | 0.857 |
All Variables | Paper Products | Non-Paper Products | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Coef. | z Value | ME | Coef. | z Value | ME | |
Constant | −2.312 ** | −1.988 | −1.155 | −1.059 | ||
ForestArea | 0.000 ** | 1.946 | 0.000 ** | 0.001 * | 1.887 | 0.000 ** |
Inflation | −0.001 | −0.204 | −0.000 | −0.000 | −0.023 | −0.000 |
Import | −0.092 ** | −2.322 | −0.017 *** | −0.033 | −1.056 | −0.006 |
Export | 0.068 ** | 2.125 | 0.012 ** | 0.012 | 0.446 | 0.002 |
GdpCur | 0.030 * | 1.753 | 0.005 * | 0.013 | 0.651 | 0.002 |
Tariff | 0.138 * | 1.822 | 0.025 ** | −0.003 | −0.042 | −0.000 |
Expend | 0.059 *** | 2.544 | 0.011 *** | 0.026 | 1.194 | 0.005 |
Income | −0.016 | −0.974 | −0.003 | −0.000 | −0.006 | −0.000 |
FDI | −0.156 | −1.287 | −0.028 | −0.068 | −0.690 | −0.012 |
Employment | 0.089 *** | 3.316 | 0.016 *** | 0.040 ** | 1.924 | 0.007 ** |
0.432 | 0.371 |
Firms | Asset | Equity | Revenue | Gross Profit |
---|---|---|---|---|
Paper | ||||
IP | 33,576.0 | 7362.0 | 23,306.0 | 7748.0 |
MHK | 13,099.1 | 7433.8 | 9983.6 | 2885.1 |
GLT | 1339.8 | 538.9 | 866.3 | 130.4 |
Non-paper | ||||
ETH | 530.4 | 383.7 | 766.8 | 416.0 |
HOFT | 350.1 | 229.5 | 620.6 | 134.8 |
BSET | 291.6 | 190.3 | 456.9 | 277.3 |
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Zhang, X.; Sun, C.; Gordon, J.; Munn, I.A. Determinants of Temporary Trade Barriers in Global Forest Products Industry. Sustainability 2020, 12, 3839. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12093839
Zhang X, Sun C, Gordon J, Munn IA. Determinants of Temporary Trade Barriers in Global Forest Products Industry. Sustainability. 2020; 12(9):3839. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12093839
Chicago/Turabian StyleZhang, Xufang, Changyou Sun, Jason Gordon, and Ian A. Munn. 2020. "Determinants of Temporary Trade Barriers in Global Forest Products Industry" Sustainability 12, no. 9: 3839. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12093839