A Methodological Approach towards Sustainable Urban Densification for Urban Sprawl Control at the Microscale: Case Study of Tanta, Egypt
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Study Area
3. Materials and Methods
3.1. Data Availability
3.2. Proposed Method
- (I)
- Quantifying and mapping potential sites for residential densification:
- (II)
- Prioritizing potential sites for residential densification:
3.2.1. Potential Sites for Residential Densification
- Regarding the backyard filling strategy, Tanta city is one of the oldest cities in Egypt, and most of the buildings were built without backyards; therefore, there are very few backyards to be filled.
- Roof transformation strategy: According to Egyptian law, for buildings with several units, the roof is considered a common space for services for all building residents. There is an exception to this rule in the new cities; a residential unit covering no more than 25% of the ground floor area may be built on the roof.
Land Infill Strategy
Demolition and Rebuilding Strategy
Roof Stacking Strategy
3.2.2. Method for Prioritizing Potential Sites for Residential Densification
Environmental Parameters
- A.
- Slope
- B.
- Natural and man-made risk areas
- C.
- Accessibility to daylight
Economic Parameters
- A.
- Land Value
- B.
- Commercial and industrial centers
Social Parameters
- A.
- Public transportation accessibility
- B.
- Accessibility to elementary schools
- C.
- Accessibility to public and green spaces
- D.
- Population density
Weighting of the Sustainability Index Using AHP
- The relative importance of each parameter in a pair is determined according to the pairwise comparison importance scale; this step is called prioritization.
- A pairwise comparison for a matrix of (9 × 9) cells is created to hold the nine sustainability indicators. The elements in row i and column j of the matrix are labelled I, J. The matrix has the property of reciprocity (aij = 1/aij).
- The matrix is standardized using the mathematical expression aij/ [56].
- The normalized value for each parameter from pairwise comparisons is used with the weighted values in the last column of the standardized matrix to obtain the eigenvector, which represents the consistency index (CI) matrix [55].
- The CI is applied to check the pairwise comparison matrix using Equation (1):
- The consistency ratio (CR) is the CI ratio and the random index (RI), and it is expressed mathematically using Equation (2).
4. Results
4.1. Residential Densification Potential Sites in Tanta, Egypt
4.2. Prioritized Sites for Residential Densification in Tanta, Egypt
5. Discussion
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Data Type | Date | Format | Source of Data | Derived Data |
---|---|---|---|---|
ALOS-PALSAR (DEM) (30 m spatial resolution) | 2020 | Geotiff | [49] | Topographic parameters |
Current urban database of Tanta city | 2018 | Geospatial database, JPEG, PDF | [43] | Sustainability indicators and related data |
Indicators | Parameter | Prioritizing Core Criteria | Source | Weight | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Low (Score = 1) | Moderate (Score = 2) | High (Score = 3) | ||||
Slope | Inclination in % | >10 | 4–10 | <4 | [52] | 2.7% |
Natural and Man-Made Risk Areas | Distance in meters | ≤50 | 50–100 | >100 | [53] | 14.9% |
Accessibility to Daylight | Building height/Street width | >1.5 | 1.5–2 | >2 | [53] | 12.2% |
Land Value | Cost in USD/m2 | ≤250 | 250–500 | 500–1000 | [35,54] | 13.4% |
Workplace Accessibility | Distance in km | >25 | 15–25 | <15 | [2] | 13.2% |
Transportation Accessibility | Distance in meters | >1000 | 564–1000 | <564 | [8,54] | 13.1% |
Elementary Schools’ Accessibility | Distance in meters | >1000 | 500–1000 | <500 | [54] | 17.5% |
Accessibility to Public Green Spaces | Distance in meters | >1500 | 750–1500 | <750 | [8,53] | 3.8% |
Population Density | persons/km2 | >2500 | 2000–2500 | <2000 | [35] | 9.1% |
Current Population (2017) (Inhabitants) | Future Population (2027) (Inhabitants) | Added Population (Inhabitants) | Required Units |
---|---|---|---|
504,855 | 558,383 | 53,528 | 14,467 |
Densification Strategy | Built Area (m2) | Units | Added Population (Inhabitants) | % |
---|---|---|---|---|
Infill | 1,272,273.9 | 6361 | 23,537 | 11% |
Demolition and Rebuilding | 5,922,114.7 | 29,611 | 109,559 | 48% |
Roof Stacking | 5,192,569.1 | 25,963 | 96,062 | 41% |
Total | 12,386,957.7 | 61,935 | 229,159 | 100% |
Densification Priority | Built Area (m2) | Units | Added Population (Inhabitants) | % |
---|---|---|---|---|
Very High | 2,101,159 | 10,506 | 38,871 | 17% |
High | 2,030,451 | 10,152 | 37,563 | 16.4% |
Medium | 2,259,404 | 11,297 | 41,799 | 18.2% |
Low | 5,995,942 | 29,979 | 110,925 | 48.4% |
Densification Strategy | Very High | High | Medium | Low |
---|---|---|---|---|
Infilling | 7.8% | 10.5% | 10.4% | 11.0% |
Demolition and Rebuilding | 0.9% | 3.5% | 40.4% | 82.0% |
Roof Stacking | 91.2% | 85.9% | 49.2% | 7.0% |
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Abdrabo, K.I.; Hamed, H.; Fouad, K.A.; Shehata, M.; Kantoush, S.A.; Sumi, T.; Elboshy, B.; Osman, T. A Methodological Approach towards Sustainable Urban Densification for Urban Sprawl Control at the Microscale: Case Study of Tanta, Egypt. Sustainability 2021, 13, 5360. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13105360
Abdrabo KI, Hamed H, Fouad KA, Shehata M, Kantoush SA, Sumi T, Elboshy B, Osman T. A Methodological Approach towards Sustainable Urban Densification for Urban Sprawl Control at the Microscale: Case Study of Tanta, Egypt. Sustainability. 2021; 13(10):5360. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13105360
Chicago/Turabian StyleAbdrabo, Karim I., Heba Hamed, Kareem A. Fouad, Mohamed Shehata, Sameh A. Kantoush, Tetsuya Sumi, Bahaa Elboshy, and Taher Osman. 2021. "A Methodological Approach towards Sustainable Urban Densification for Urban Sprawl Control at the Microscale: Case Study of Tanta, Egypt" Sustainability 13, no. 10: 5360. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13105360