Exploring Countermeasures from a Psychological Perspective to Create a Safe Driving Environment for Personal Mobility Devices
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Literature Review
3. Data
3.1. Descriptive Statistics of Respondents
3.2. Psychological Perspectives of PM Device Driving
4. Analysis
4.1. Reliability Analysis
4.2. Model Estimation
- “Perception of PM device → Infrastructure” (B = 0.3, t = 5.973 **)
- “Perception of PM device → Easy to drive/handle” (B = 0.267, t = 5.441 **)
- Perception of PM device → Legal system” (B = 0.293, t = 6.479 **)
- “Perception of PM device → Intention to use in the future” (B = 0.561, t = 14.28 **)
- “Easy to drive/handle → Safety equipment” (B = 0.135, t = 2.161 *)
- “Easy to drive/handle→ Safety system” (B = 0.146, t = 2.436 *)
- “Perception of PM device → Safety equipment” (B = −0.15; t = −2.818 **)
- “Perception of PM device → Safety system” (B = −0.161, t = −3.335 **)
- “Legal system → Safety equipment” (B = −0.315, t = −5.071 **)
- “Legal system → Safety systems” (B = −0.27, t = −4.496 **)
5. Discussion
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Item | Contents |
---|---|
Respondents | - Sex and Age, - Occupation, - Residence, - Possession of Vehicles |
Psychological Perspectives for PM Device Driving | - Perception of personal mobility device - Satisfaction with the driving environment of personal mobility device (infrastructure, ease of use, relevant laws, and systems) - Necessity for the driving environment (Safety equipment and system) - Intention of using personal mobility device in the future |
Category | Strongly Yes | Yes | Neutral | No | Strongly No | Total | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Well-known transport mode | N | 101 | 262 | 62 | 7 | 0 | 432 |
% | 23.4 | 60.6 | 14.4 | 1.6 | 0 | 100.0 | |
Useful as transport mode | N | 47 | 215 | 126 | 37 | 7 | 432 |
% | 10.9 | 49.8 | 29.2 | 8.6 | 1.6 | 100.0 | |
Eco-friendly transport mode | N | 56 | 211 | 140 | 23 | 2 | 432 |
% | 13.0% | 48.8% | 32.4 | 5.3 | 0.5 | 100 | |
Safe transport mode | N | 8 | 23 | 108 | 214 | 79 | 432 |
% | 1.9 | 5.3 | 25.0 | 49.5 | 18.3 | 100.0 | |
Easy to drive/handle | N | 29 | 211 | 162 | 28 | 2 | 432 |
% | 6.7 | 48.8 | 37.5 | 6.5 | 0.5 | 100.0 | |
Low-cost transport mode | N | 22 | 174 | 172 | 56 | 8 | 432 |
% | 5.1 | 40.3 | 39.8 | 13.0 | 1.9 | 100.0 |
Category | Very Necessary | Necessary | Usually | Unnecessary | Very Unnecessary | Total | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Speed limiter | N | 172 | 191 | 53 | 15 | 1 | 432 |
% | 39.8 | 44.2 | 12.3 | 3.5 | 0.2 | 100.0 | |
Helmet | N | 220 | 141 | 50 | 19 | 2 | 432 |
% | 50.9 | 32.6 | 11.6 | 4.4 | 0.5 | 100.0 | |
Headlight | N | 225 | 166 | 35 | 6 | - | 432 |
% | 52.1 | 38.4 | 8.1 | 1.4 | - | 100.0 |
Category | Very Necessary | Necessary | Usually | Unnecessary | Very Unnecessary | Total | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Operation of exclusive license system | N | 110 | 171 | 101 | 45 | 5 | 432 |
% | 25.5 | 39.6 | 23.4 | 10.4 | 1.2 | 100.0 | |
Mandatory completion of safety and driving training | N | 148 | 173 | 74 | 30 | 7 | 432 |
% | 34.3 | 40.0 | 17.1 | 6.9 | 1.6 | 100.0 | |
Mandatory wearing of safety devices | N | 193 | 159 | 59 | 17 | 4 | 432 |
% | 44.7 | 36.8 | 13.7 | 3.9 | 0.9 | 100.0 | |
Mandatory insurance subscription | N | 141 | 167 | 94 | 24 | 6 | 432 |
% | 32.6 | 38.7 | 21.8 | 5.6 | 1.4 | 100.0 | |
Age limit | N | 162 | 168 | 79 | 17 | 6 | 432 |
% | 37.5 | 38.9 | 18.3 | 3.9 | 1.4 | 100.0 |
Factor | Category | PM Recog. | Infra | Conv. | Legal | Safety Device | System | Intent. to Use | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Perception of PM device | ①Well-known transport mode | 0.424 | 0.061 | 0.138 | −0.065 | 0.140 | 0.083 | 0.339 | |
②Useful as transport mode | 0.790 | 0.168 | 0.189 | 0.175 | −0.168 | −0.174 | 0.536 | ||
③Eco-friendly transport mode | 0.737 | 0.186 | 0.213 | 0.173 | −0.095 | −0.095 | 0.480 | ||
④Safe transport mode | 0.757 | 0.326 | 0.141 | 0.366 | −0.340 | −0.350 | 0.376 | ||
⑤Easy to drive/handle | 0.622 | 0.196 | 0.213 | 0.124 | 0.036 | −0.019 | 0.336 | ||
⑥Low-cost transport mode | 0.698 | 0.171 | 0.268 | 0.157 | −0.035 | −0.024 | 0.316 | ||
Satisfaction level of driving environment | Infrastructure | ①Gradient | 0.248 | 0.600 | 0.290 | 0.304 | −0.052 | −0.092 | 0.189 |
②Bicycle road sign | 0.250 | 0.784 | 0.386 | 0.447 | −0.147 | −0.173 | 0.103 | ||
③Bicycle road Design specification | 0.251 | 0.823 | 0.399 | 0.451 | −0.141 | −0.149 | 0.168 | ||
④Bicycle road pavement condition | 0.140 | 0.715 | 0.329 | 0.364 | −0.047 | −0.109 | 0.045 | ||
⑤Bicycle road connectivity | 0.193 | 0.778 | 0.433 | 0.444 | −0.132 | −0.160 | 0.110 | ||
⑥Drivable space | 0.243 | 0.772 | 0.470 | 0.503 | −0.109 | −0.139 | 0.195 | ||
⑦Personal mobility additional facilities | 0.186 | 0.686 | 0.564 | 0.570 | −0.105 | −0.146 | 0.075 | ||
Convenience of use | ①PM Accessibility | 0.206 | 0.490 | 0.833 | 0.388 | −0.035 | −0.062 | 0.174 | |
②Connectivity with transportation | 0.140 | 0.400 | 0.732 | 0.353 | −0.032 | −0.014 | 0.062 | ||
③Carrying PM in public transportation | 0.157 | 0.457 | 0.774 | 0.446 | −0.118 | −0.088 | 0.049 | ||
④PM Economics | 0.294 | 0.338 | 0.714 | 0.297 | 0.027 | −0.011 | 0.124 | ||
Legal system | ①Law | 0.294 | 0.519 | 0.478 | 0.872 | −0.247 | −0.262 | 0.136 | |
②Insurance | 0.269 | 0.497 | 0.371 | 0.884 | −0.274 | −0.269 | 0.174 | ||
③Incentive | 0.155 | 0.453 | 0.415 | 0.796 | −0.161 | −0.147 | 0.032 | ||
④Maintenance and enforcement | 0.239 | 0.556 | 0.404 | 0.847 | −0.262 | −0.244 | 0.172 | ||
Necessity | Safety device | ①Speed limiter | −0.186 | −0.157 | −0.106 | −0.269 | 0.876 | 0.535 | −0.133 |
②Helmet | −0.195 | −0.114 | −0.007 | −0.226 | 0.874 | 0.666 | −0.188 | ||
③Headlight | −0.118 | −0.091 | 0.006 | −0.232 | 0.783 | 0.571 | −0.047 | ||
System | ①Operation of exclusive license system | −0.185 | −0.142 | −0.062 | −0.208 | 0.497 | 0.791 | −0.195 | |
②Mandatory completion of safety and driving training | −0.237 | −0.203 | −0.077 | −0.217 | 0.608 | 0.895 | −0.229 | ||
③Mandatory wearing of safety devices | −0.184 | −0.147 | −0.039 | −0.237 | 0.706 | 0.861 | −0.124 | ||
④Mandatory insurance subscription | −0.156 | −0.120 | −0.041 | −0.229 | 0.511 | 0.789 | −0.176 | ||
⑤Age limit | −0.096 | −0.143 | −0.021 | −0.268 | 0.460 | 0.684 | −0.087 | ||
Intention to use in the future | ①Willing to use after | 0.488 | 0.123 | 0.081 | 0.094 | −0.110 | −0.185 | 0.906 | |
②Willing to reuse | 0.524 | 0.154 | 0.128 | 0.132 | −0.103 | −0.172 | 0.926 | ||
③Recommended to others | 0.565 | 0.198 | 0.171 | 0.196 | −0.182 | −0.220 | 0.938 | ||
④Promotion possible | 0.519 | 0.177 | 0.127 | 0.165 | −0.159 | −0.180 | 0.901 | ||
Cronbach’s alpha | 0.782 | 0.861 | 0.766 | 0.875 | 0.806 | 0.865 | 0.938 | ||
DG.rho | 0.847 | 0.895 | 0.851 | 0.914 | 0.886 | 0.903 | 0.956 | ||
AVE | 0.466 | 0.548 | 0.584 | 0.723 | 0.715 | 0.652 | 0.842 |
Var. | 1 | 2(a) | 2(b) | 2(c) | 3(a) | 3(b) | 4 | √AVE | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Perception of PM device | 1 | 0.683 | |||||||
Satisfaction of PM driving environment | (a) Infrastructure | 0.30 | 1 | 0.740 | |||||
(b) Convenience of use | 0.27 | 0.56 | 1 | 0.765 | |||||
(c) Legal system | 0.29 | 0.60 | 0.49 | 1 | 0.851 | ||||
Necessity level for driving environment | (a) Safety equipment | −0.20 | −0.15 | −0.05 | −0.29 | 1 | 0.845 | ||
(b) Safety system | −0.22 | −0.19 | −0.06 | −0.28 | 0.69 | 1 | |||
Intention to use in the future | 0.57 | 0.18 | 0.14 | 0.17 | −0.16 | −0.21 | 1 | 0.918 |
Variables | R² | GoF | |
---|---|---|---|
Satisfaction level of driving environment | Infrastructure | 0.090 | 0.291 |
Convenience of use | 0.071 | ||
Legal system | 0.086 | ||
Necessity level for driving environment | Safety equipment | 0.112 | |
Safety system | 0.114 | ||
Intention to use in the future | 0.338 |
Category | B | s.e | t | p |
---|---|---|---|---|
Perception of PM device → Infrastructure | 0.300 | 0.050 | 5.973 | 0.000 *** |
Perception of PM device → Convenience of use | 0.267 | 0.049 | 5.441 | 0.000 *** |
Perception of PM device → Legal system | 0.293 | 0.045 | 6.479 | 0.000 *** |
Perception of PM device → Safety equipment | −0.150 | 0.053 | −2.818 | 0.005 ** |
Perception of PM device → Safety system | −0.161 | 0.048 | −3.335 | 0.001 ** |
Perception of PM device → Intention to use in the future | 0.561 | 0.039 | 14.280 | 0.000 *** |
Infrastructure → Safety equipment | 0.011 | 0.061 | 0.176 | 0.860 |
Infrastructure → Safety system | −0.061 | 0.057 | −1.080 | −0.720 |
Infrastructure → Intention to use in the future | 0.017 | 0.054 | 0.323 | 0.253 |
Convenience of use → Safety equipment | 0.135 | 0.062 | 2.161 | 0.031 * |
Convenience of use → Safety system | 0.146 | 0.060 | 2.436 | 0.015 * |
Convenience of use → Intention to use in the future | −0.009 | 0.064 | −0.139 | −0.111 |
Legal system → Safety equipment | −0.315 | 0.062 | −5.071 | 0.000 *** |
Legal system → Safety system | −0.270 | 0.060 | −4.496 | 0.000 *** |
Legal system → Intention to use in the future | −0.028 | 0.066 | −0.428 | −0.331 |
Safety equipment → Intention to use in the future | 0.029 | 0.063 | 0.465 | 0.642 |
Safety system → Intention to use in the future | −0.110 | 0.069 | −1.602 | −0.891 |
Path | B | s.e | t | p |
---|---|---|---|---|
Perception to PM device → Safety equipment | −0.203 | 0.049 | −4.109 | 0.000 *** |
Perception to PM device → Safety system | −0.219 | 0.049 | −4.494 | 0.000 *** |
Perception to PM device → Intention to use in the future | 0.574 | 0.034 | 17.032 | 0.000 *** |
Infrastructure → Intention to use in the future | 0.025 | 0.053 | 0.463 | 0.643 |
Convenience of use → Intention to use in the future | −0.021 | 0.061 | −0.343 | −0.269 |
Legal system → Intention to use in the future | −0.008 | 0.061 | −0.123 | −0.098 |
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Kim, S.-H.; Lim, H.; Kim, J. Exploring Countermeasures from a Psychological Perspective to Create a Safe Driving Environment for Personal Mobility Devices. Sustainability 2021, 13, 5450. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13105450
Kim S-H, Lim H, Kim J. Exploring Countermeasures from a Psychological Perspective to Create a Safe Driving Environment for Personal Mobility Devices. Sustainability. 2021; 13(10):5450. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13105450
Chicago/Turabian StyleKim, Suk-Hee, Hyejin Lim, and Junghwa Kim. 2021. "Exploring Countermeasures from a Psychological Perspective to Create a Safe Driving Environment for Personal Mobility Devices" Sustainability 13, no. 10: 5450. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13105450