Ranking Environmental Aspects of Sustainable Tourism: Case of Selected European Countries
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Literature Review
3. Methodology Description
3.1. Grey Relational Analysis
3.2. MCDM Models
3.3. Comparisons of GRA to Related Approaches
3.4. Hypotheses of Research
4. Empirical Results
4.1. Data Preparation
4.2. GRA Results
4.3. Robustness Checking
4.4. Discussion and Policy Implications
5. Conclusions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Name | Description | Wanted Value |
---|---|---|
Nights | Nights spent at tourist accommodation establishments: hotels; holiday and other short-stay accommodation; camping grounds; recreational vehicle parks; and trailer parks. Economic measure of tourism output. | Greatest possible |
Pressure | Nights spent at tourist accommodation establishments per square km. Hotels; holiday and other short-stay accommodation; camping grounds; recreational vehicle parks; and trailer parks. Environmental pressure of tourism. | Lowest possible |
Waste_treated | Municipal waste treated, in kg per capita. Measures the bad output of tourism industry which is treated. | Greatest possible |
Invest_CE | Private investments, as percentage of GDP, relate to circular economy sectors. Measures the progress towards a circular economy on the thematic area of competitiveness and innovation. | Greatest possible |
WEI | Water exploitation index plus, measure of total fresh water use as a percentage of the renewable fresh water resources (groundwater and surface water). | Lowest possible |
Renewable | Share of renewable energy in gross final energy consumption by the total economy. | Greatest possible |
Country | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | 2014 | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Austria | 16 | 13 | 16 | 18 | 15 | 14 | 14 | 13 | 13 | 12 |
Belgium | 21 | 21 | 21 | 21 | 21 | 20 | 21 | 20 | 20 | 21 |
Bulgaria | 2 | 7 | 7 | 8 | 8 | 10 | 8 | 8 | 10 | 6 |
Croatia | 7 | 3 | 4 | 7 | 13 | 9 | 12 | 9 | 11 | 9 |
Cyprus | 23 | 22 | 23 | 23 | 23 | 23 | 23 | 23 | 23 | 23 |
Denmark | 5 | 5 | 6 | 4 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 3 | 3 | 2 |
Finland | 4 | 4 | 5 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 3 | 2 | 4 | 4 |
France | 6 | 6 | 3 | 2 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 7 | 8 | 7 |
Germany | 11 | 8 | 10 | 9 | 7 | 8 | 7 | 11 | 9 | 10 |
Greece | 22 | 23 | 22 | 22 | 22 | 22 | 22 | 22 | 22 | 22 |
Hungary | 17 | 17 | 17 | 17 | 18 | 17 | 17 | 17 | 17 | 16 |
Italy | 8 | 9 | 8 | 12 | 11 | 13 | 11 | 14 | 14 | 14 |
Latvia | 3 | 2 | 2 | 5 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 5 | 3 |
Lithuania | 10 | 15 | 12 | 10 | 9 | 12 | 13 | 10 | 7 | 5 |
Netherlands | 20 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 21 | 20 | 21 | 21 | 20 |
Poland | 9 | 16 | 14 | 13 | 17 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 16 | 15 |
Portugal | 19 | 19 | 19 | 19 | 19 | 19 | 19 | 19 | 19 | 19 |
Romania | 12 | 12 | 13 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 15 | 17 |
Slovakia | 18 | 18 | 15 | 11 | 10 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 |
Slovenia | 14 | 14 | 9 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 8 |
Spain | 13 | 10 | 11 | 15 | 14 | 7 | 9 | 12 | 12 | 11 |
Sweden | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
United Kingdom | 15 | 11 | 18 | 14 | 12 | 11 | 10 | 4 | 2 | 13 |
Country | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | 2014 | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Austria | −2.18 | −1.73 | −1.88 | −2.18 | −2.35 | −2.32 | −2.30 | −2.22 | −2.22 | −2.30 |
Belgium | −2.46 | −1.95 | −2.10 | −2.40 | −2.66 | −2.61 | −2.53 | −2.30 | −2.38 | −2.44 |
Bulgaria | −3.13 | −2.55 | −2.74 | −3.14 | −3.45 | −3.22 | −3.13 | −3.01 | −3.13 | −3.17 |
Croatia | −3.19 | −2.56 | −2.79 | −3.17 | −3.09 | −2.96 | −2.89 | −2.74 | −2.70 | −2.71 |
Cyprus | −1.93 | −1.60 | −1.70 | −1.94 | −2.12 | −2.16 | −2.16 | −2.15 | −2.03 | −2.04 |
Denmark | −2.89 | −2.32 | −2.51 | −2.87 | −3.18 | −3.05 | −2.97 | −2.86 | −2.86 | −2.96 |
Finland | −0.67 | −1.11 | −1.05 | −0.76 | −0.47 | −0.17 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
France | −3.14 | −2.51 | −2.53 | −2.91 | −3.21 | −3.08 | −3.04 | −2.94 | −2.98 | −3.04 |
Germany | −2.54 | −2.03 | −2.18 | −2.49 | −2.71 | −2.65 | −2.58 | −2.49 | −2.49 | −2.57 |
Greece | −3.11 | −2.29 | −2.50 | −2.86 | −3.25 | −3.04 | −2.88 | −2.76 | −2.76 | −2.80 |
Hungary | −3.31 | −2.71 | −2.91 | −3.28 | −3.63 | −3.39 | −3.32 | −3.22 | −3.24 | −3.30 |
Italy | −2.19 | −1.73 | −1.87 | −2.15 | −2.40 | −2.39 | −2.36 | −2.27 | −2.28 | −2.34 |
Latvia | −0.41 | −0.04 | −0.11 | −0.10 | 0.00 | 0.00 | −0.46 | −0.40 | −0.58 | −0.76 |
Lithuania | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | −2.03 | −1.88 | −1.98 | −1.95 | −2.04 | −2.03 |
Netherlands | −1.63 | −1.28 | −1.40 | −1.62 | −1.81 | −1.67 | −1.62 | −1.56 | −1.57 | −1.61 |
Poland | −3.21 | −2.68 | −2.86 | −3.20 | −3.52 | −3.25 | −3.20 | −3.13 | −3.18 | −3.24 |
Portugal | −3.09 | −2.49 | −2.70 | −3.09 | −3.41 | −3.22 | −3.09 | −2.94 | −2.89 | −2.93 |
Romania | −2.07 | −1.75 | −1.52 | −1.64 | −1.71 | −1.43 | −1.52 | −1.89 | −2.01 | −2.03 |
Slovakia | −3.34 | −2.72 | −2.92 | −3.28 | −3.59 | −3.34 | −3.22 | −3.17 | −3.22 | −3.28 |
Slovenia | −3.20 | −2.56 | −2.79 | −3.19 | −3.48 | −3.31 | −3.24 | −3.10 | −3.09 | −3.11 |
Spain | −2.76 | −2.23 | −2.40 | −2.72 | −3.02 | −2.92 | −2.83 | −2.72 | −2.69 | −2.77 |
Sweden | −2.51 | −2.33 | −2.43 | −2.56 | −2.66 | −2.39 | −2.42 | −2.45 | −2.46 | −2.42 |
United Kingdom | −2.42 | −1.87 | −2.15 | −2.52 | −2.44 | −2.36 | −2.39 | −1.86 | −1.88 | −2.49 |
Year | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | 2014 | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
MOORA | 0.891 | 0.943 | 0.906 | 0.869 | 0.882 | 0.928 | 0.915 | 0.892 | 0.883 | 0.902 |
MultiMMORA | 0.751 | 0.923 | 0.846 | 0.785 | 0.820 | 0.865 | 0.877 | 0.849 | 0.814 | 0.858 |
Year | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 |
---|---|---|---|
GSCI, natural capital | 0.597 | 0.579 | 0.757 |
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Škrinjarić, T. Ranking Environmental Aspects of Sustainable Tourism: Case of Selected European Countries. Sustainability 2021, 13, 5701. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13105701
Škrinjarić T. Ranking Environmental Aspects of Sustainable Tourism: Case of Selected European Countries. Sustainability. 2021; 13(10):5701. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13105701
Chicago/Turabian StyleŠkrinjarić, Tihana. 2021. "Ranking Environmental Aspects of Sustainable Tourism: Case of Selected European Countries" Sustainability 13, no. 10: 5701. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13105701