Including Urban Heat Island in Bioclimatic Early-Design Phases: A Simplified Methodology and Sample Applications
Abstract
:1. Introduction
Paper’s Objectives and Structure
- Furthermore, the following specific objectives were also pursued:
- To underline the importance in considering, from early-design phases, the urban dimension in local typical weather conditions during climate analyses due to the high impact of urban morphologies with respect to rural sites via sample case studies;
- To analyze the influence of urban morphed climate on early-design bioclimatic key performance indicators (KPIs), i.e., local heating and cooling degree days/hours (HDD/H, CDD/H), bioclimatic comfort hour calculations using bioclimatic charts, solar analyses (the number of sun-exposed hours), and the local climatic potential of low-energy cooling techniques, adopting sample case studies;
- To compare urban morphological effects on six sample locations characterized by different climatic conditions.
2. Methodology
2.1. Urban Morphological Data
2.2. UHI—Temperature and Humidity
2.3. Energy-Climatic KPI
2.4. Bioclimatic Technological Potential KPIs
2.4.1. Bioclimatic Charts
2.4.2. Climatic Ventilative Cooling Potential
2.4.3. Surface Exposure to Direct Solar Radiation (Hours)
2.5. The Chosen Sample Set of Locations
- Ås, Norway (59°39′36.0″ N 10°46′55.2″ E) is located at the Oslo Fjord and near Oslo. It has a humid continental climate (Köppen–Geiger: Dfb).
- Harbin, China (45°45′00.0″ N 126°45′36.0″ E) is located in northeast China. It features a monsoon-influenced, humid continental climate (Köppen–Geiger: Dwa).
- Turin, Italy (45°10′58.8″ N 7°39′00.0″ E) is located in northern Italy. It has a subtropical climate (Köppen–Geiger: Cfa)—the case of Section 3.
- Zhongshan, China (22°34′58.8″ N 113°21′00.0″ E) is located in southern China, near Macau, Canton, and Hong Kong. It has a monsoon-influenced humid subtropical climate (Köppen–Geiger: Cwa).
- Sevilla, Spain (37°24′36.0″ N 5°54′00.0″ W) is located in the southwest of the Iberian Peninsula. It has a Mediterranean climate (Köppen–Geiger: Csa).
- Singapore (1°22′01.2″ N 103°58′58.8″ E) is an island city state located near the equator. It has a tropical rainforest climate (Köppen–Geiger: Af).
3. Results
3.1. Climate–Energy KPIs
3.2. Morphological and Bioclimatic Applicability Parameters
3.3. Climatic Ventilative Cooling Potential
3.4. Solar Exposure
4. Discussion
4.1. Comparison Building Morphological Type with a Real Urban Tissue
4.2. Climate Performance in Different Climate Conditions
4.3. Climate Performance in Predicted Future
4.4. Study’s Limitations
5. Conclusions
- -
- Higher densities and higher building heights correspond with higher increases in average air temperature, leading to a greater reduction in HDD and greater increase in CDD;
- -
- For a given w/h, case 2 (linear buildings) had the largest reduction in yearly HDD, while case 1 (parallelepiped building with squared base) had the lowest increase in yearly CDD;
- -
- With a w/x value around 1, case 3 with a building height of 30 m had the largest reduction in yearly HDD, while case 2 with a building height of 30 m had the lowest increase in yearly CDD;
- -
- On south and north facades, case 2 showed higher solar exposure.
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Morphological Type | Plot Top View | Coverage | Canyon w (m) 1 | Building Size X (m) | w/x | Building Height h (m) | w/h |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Case 1 | | 25% | 50 | 50 | 1 | 6 | 8.33 |
15 | 3.33 | ||||||
30 | 1.67 | ||||||
| 50% | 29.3 | 70.7 | 0.41 | 6 | 4.88 | |
15 | 1.95 | ||||||
30 | 0.98 | ||||||
| 75% | 13.4 | 86.6 | 0.15 | 6 | 2.33 | |
15 | 0.89 | ||||||
30 | 0.45 | ||||||
Case 2 | | 25% | 75 | 25 | 3 | 6 | 12.5 |
15 | 5 | ||||||
30 | 2.5 | ||||||
| 50% | 50 | 50 | 1 | 6 | 8.33 | |
15 | 3.33 | ||||||
30 | 1.67 | ||||||
| 75% | 25 | 75 | 0.33 | 6 | 4.17 | |
15 | 1.67 | ||||||
30 | 0.83 | ||||||
Case 3 | | 25% | 37.5 | 25 | 1.5 | 6 | 6.25 |
15 | 2.5 | ||||||
30 | 1.25 | ||||||
| 50% | 25 | 50 | 0.5 | 6 | 4.17 | |
15 | 1.67 | ||||||
30 | 0.83 | ||||||
| 75% | 12.5 | 75 | 0.17 | 6 | 2.08 | |
15 | 0.83 | ||||||
30 | 0.42 | ||||||
Case 4 | | 25% | 27.83 | / | / | 6 | 4.64 |
15 | 1.86 | ||||||
30 | 0.93 | ||||||
| 50% | 19.32 | / | / | 6 | 3.22 | |
15 | 1.29 | ||||||
30 | 0.64 | ||||||
| 75% | 11.61 | / | / | 6 | 1.94 | |
15 | 0.78 | ||||||
30 | 0.39 |
Category | UWG Input Parameter | Value | Unit |
---|---|---|---|
Pavement Parameters | Road Albedo | 0.1 | - |
Pavement Thickness | 0.5 | m | |
Thermal conductivity | 1 | W/(m⋅K) | |
Volumetric heat capacity | 1,600,000 | J/m3K | |
Vegetation Parameters | Veg Start Month | 3 | - |
Veg End Month | 10 | - | |
Vegetation Albedo | 0.25 | - | |
Latent Fraction of Grass | 0.5 (winter) 0.3 (summer) | - | |
Latent Fraction of Tree | 0.5 (winter) 0.7 (summer) | - | |
Boundary-Layer | Urban Boundary Layer Height—Day | 1000 | m |
Urban Boundary Layer Height—Night | 50 | m | |
Inversion Height | 150 | m | |
Circulation Coefficient | 1.2 | - | |
UCM–UBL Exchange Coefficient | 0.3 | - | |
Reference EPW Parameters | Rural average obstacle height | 0.1 | m |
Rural road vegetation coverage | 0.9 | - | |
RSM temperature reference height | 2.6 | m | |
RSM wind reference height | 10 | m |
CMF | PSH | EC | HTM | NV | DC | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
hours (h) | 599 | 4897 | 785 | 832 | 1107 | 2155 |
percentage (%) | 6.84 | 55.90 | 8.96 | 9.53 | 12.64 | 24.60 |
Arial Image of the Selected Urban Tissue | Axonometric Representation of the Real Urban Tissue | Axonometric Representation of Morphological Types | Morphological Data |
---|---|---|---|
| | | Case 1: Oslo suburban area Avg. building height: 7.7 m Coverage: 20% |
| | | Case 2: Singapore Ang Mo Kio residential area Avg. building height: 38 m Coverage: 21% |
| | | Case 3: Oslo downtown area Avg. building height: 18.4 m Coverage: 37% |
| | | Case 4: Torino historical city center Avg. building height: 18.2 m Coverage: 0.63% |
Morphological Type | MSE | RMSE | MAE | MAPE | R2 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Case 1 | 0.0002 | 0.0147 | 0.0021 | 0.00% | 1.0000 |
Case 2 | 0.0028 | 0.0528 | 0.0278 | 0.02% | 0.9994 |
Case 3 | 0.0100 | 0.100 | 0.0692 | 0.53% | 0.9999 |
Case 4 | 0.1671 | 0.4088 | 0.2367 | 4.18% | 0.9984 |
Torino | Singapore | Harbin | Sevilla | Zhongshan | Ås | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
current | 2469.49 | 0.00 | 5061.61 | 790.75 | 288.41 | 4006.80 |
future | 2089.44 | 0.00 | 5182.16 | 699.34 | 213.71 | 3940.21 |
variation | −380.05 | / | 120.55 | −91.41 | −74.70 | −66.59 |
% | −15% | / | 2% | −12% | −26% | −2% |
Torino | Singapore | Harbin | Sevilla | Zhongshan | Ås | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
current | 106.61 | 2056.22 | 130.15 | 714.47 | 1111.81 | 0.94 |
future | 257.31 | 2269.32 | 158.74 | 826.02 | 1314.54 | 3.07 |
variation | 150.70 | 213.11 | 28.58 | 111.56 | 202.73 | 2.13 |
% | 141% | 10% | 22% | 16% | 18% | 226% |
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Chiesa, G.; Li, Y. Including Urban Heat Island in Bioclimatic Early-Design Phases: A Simplified Methodology and Sample Applications. Sustainability 2021, 13, 5918. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13115918
Chiesa G, Li Y. Including Urban Heat Island in Bioclimatic Early-Design Phases: A Simplified Methodology and Sample Applications. Sustainability. 2021; 13(11):5918. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13115918
Chicago/Turabian StyleChiesa, Giacomo, and Yingyue Li. 2021. "Including Urban Heat Island in Bioclimatic Early-Design Phases: A Simplified Methodology and Sample Applications" Sustainability 13, no. 11: 5918. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13115918