Study of Temporal Variations in Species–Environment Association through an Innovative Multivariate Method: MixSTATICO
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. Contributions of the French School
1.2. Contributions of the Anglo-Saxon School
1.3. Contributions of the Salmantina School
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Materials
2.1.1. Hydrography and Sampling
2.1.2. Determination of Inorganic Nutrients and Ratios
2.1.3. Phytoplankton Analysis
2.2. Methodological Description of the MixSTATICO Method
- Binary variables must be coded with 0 and 1;
- Ordinal variables must be coded for each scale in ascending numerical order;
- Nominal variables must be transformed to a disjunctive matrix (each category is a new dichotomous variable).
- is the Gower similarity coefficient;
- is the number of continuous quantitative variables;
- is the number of binary variables;
- is the number of qualitative non-binary variables;
- and are the number of matches in binary variables (1,1) and (0,0), respectively;
- is the number of matches in qualitative non-binary variables; and
- is the rank of the h-th quantitative variable.
- is the Gower distance;
- represents the non-nominal variable;
- represents the nominal variable; and
- is the category number of the nominal variable.
2.3. Case Study
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A. MixSTATICO Algorithm
- Input two pre-processed data-cubes and .
- Merge all and matrices.For k = 1 to K
- Compute the Gower distance, considering Equations (6)–(8).For k = 1 to K
- Apply FMA to normalizeFor k = 1 to K
- Vectorize
- Calculate
- Calculate .For k = 1 to K
- SVD to obtain
- Calculate consensus matrix
- SVD ).
- Generate consensus graph using PCoA.
- Generate intra-structure graph using PCoA.
Appendix B. Table Environmental Data
Space | Time | Temperature (T—°C) | Salinity (S—psu) | Dissolved Oxygen (DO—mg.L−1) | Nitrate (NO3—µg−at.L−1) | Nitrite (NO2—µg−at.L−1) | Phosphate (—µg−at.L−1) | Silicate (—µg−at.L−1) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Esmeraldas | Feb | 26.74 | 32.65 | 5.29 | 0.77 | 0.08 | 0.71 | 10.42 |
Manta | Feb | 24.02 | 33.24 | 4.35 | 6.91 | 0.16 | 1.62 | 5.12 |
La Libertad | Feb | 25.25 | 33.11 | 5.38 | 0.73 | 0.28 | 0.58 | 11.88 |
Pto. Bolivar | Feb | 22.23 | 33.47 | 4.35 | 8.76 | 0.22 | 1.31 | 7.52 |
Esmeraldas | Mar | 21.92 | 34.11 | 4.28 | 5.95 | 0.39 | 2.00 | 14.36 |
Manta | Mar | 23.04 | 33.69 | 4.37 | 2.73 | 0.43 | 1.75 | 13.73 |
La Libertad | Mar | 23.58 | 34.29 | 4.62 | 3.64 | 0.30 | 1.33 | 5.24 |
Pto. Bolivar | Mar | 21.17 | 31.56 | 3.35 | 9.36 | 0.29 | 0.97 | 12.87 |
Esmeraldas | Apr | 27.45 | 33.24 | 4.45 | 0.50 | 0.06 | 0.71 | 11.06 |
Manta | Apr | 24.47 | 34.15 | 4.36 | 1.55 | 0.28 | 0.38 | 8.07 |
La Libertad | Apr | 22.79 | 34.47 | 4.46 | 4.96 | 0.09 | 1.26 | 10.08 |
Pto. Bolivar | Apr | 23.12 | 33.56 | 4.16 | 3.86 | 0.73 | 1.02 | 8.14 |
Esmeraldas | May | 26.11 | 33.21 | 4.60 | 1.80 | 0.19 | 0.70 | 3.22 |
Manta | May | 26.07 | 33.40 | 4.35 | 3.85 | 0.15 | 0.75 | 2.10 |
La Libertad | May | 24.65 | 33.64 | 4.12 | 1.70 | 0.56 | 1.17 | 19.10 |
Pto. Bolivar | May | 24.95 | 33.81 | 4.53 | 4.92 | 0.02 | 0.51 | 10.66 |
Esmeraldas | Jun | 26.33 | 33.17 | 4.60 | 2.02 | 0.20 | 0.38 | 10.11 |
Manta | Jun | 24.31 | 33.95 | 4.32 | 0.65 | 0.34 | 0.31 | 1.63 |
La Libertad | Jun | 20.45 | 34.41 | 3.20 | 7.75 | 0.41 | 0.95 | 9.55 |
Pto. Bolivar | Jun | 22.18 | 34.22 | 5.12 | 0.36 | 0.11 | 0.33 | 2.65 |
Esmeraldas | Jul | 25.50 | 32.91 | 4.73 | 1.13 | 0.03 | 1.02 | 3.66 |
Manta | Jul | 23.90 | 33.56 | 4.62 | 0.99 | 0.10 | 0.84 | 3.16 |
La Libertad | Jul | 22.68 | 33.78 | 4.82 | 0.39 | 0.04 | 0.83 | 9.34 |
Pto. Bolivar | Jul | 22.80 | 33.99 | 5.01 | 1.47 | 0.24 | 1.25 | 8.87 |
Esmeraldas | Aug | 25.49 | 32.89 | 4.62 | 0.24 | 0.01 | 0.25 | 1.92 |
Manta | Aug | 22.73 | 33.59 | 4.47 | 2.27 | 0.05 | 0.71 | 6.73 |
La Libertad | Aug | 19.09 | 34.38 | 3.89 | 4.04 | 0.23 | 1.00 | 12.21 |
Pto. Bolivar | Aug | 21.60 | 33.93 | 3.90 | 3.19 | 0.04 | 0.56 | 12.46 |
Esmeraldas | Sep | 26.33 | 32.68 | 4.32 | 0.72 | 0.04 | 0.26 | 1.16 |
Manta | Sep | 21.35 | 34.20 | 4.53 | 1.09 | 0.01 | 0.38 | 8.84 |
La Libertad | Sep | 21.85 | 33.96 | 4.00 | 2.43 | 0.09 | 0.58 | 5.01 |
Pto. Bolivar | Sep | 22.54 | 33.84 | 4.41 | 3.36 | 0.25 | 0.50 | 4.66 |
Esmeraldas | Oct | 26.09 | 32.20 | 4.23 | 0.58 | 0.18 | 0.10 | 3.73 |
Manta | Oct | 24.31 | 33.43 | 3.81 | 2.59 | 0.23 | 0.18 | 5.11 |
La Libertad | Oct | 23.18 | 33.72 | 4.51 | 0.29 | 0.13 | 0.33 | 6.87 |
Pto. Bolivar | Oct | 22.60 | 33.81 | 4.17 | 1.54 | 0.38 | 0.46 | 11.88 |
Esmeraldas | Nov | 26.06 | 32.41 | 4.39 | 0.12 | 0.08 | 0.11 | 2.23 |
Manta | Nov | 24.93 | 32.99 | 4.56 | 0.30 | 0.05 | 0.13 | 2.82 |
La Libertad | Nov | 20.30 | 34.38 | 3.27 | 5.03 | 0.26 | 0.61 | 9.11 |
Pto. Bolivar | Nov | 21.21 | 34.24 | 3.58 | 6.08 | 0.31 | 0.63 | 10.89 |
Esmeraldas | Dec | 25.45 | 32.65 | 3.96 | 0.26 | 0.03 | 0.21 | 6.24 |
Manta | Dec | 24.38 | 33.09 | 4.48 | 1.03 | 0.03 | 0.37 | 1.27 |
La Libertad | Dec | 21.64 | 34.23 | 4.25 | 3.52 | 0.29 | 0.69 | 7.41 |
Pto. Bolivar | Dec | 21.56 | 34.23 | 3.13 | 3.81 | 0.37 | 0.09 | 8.48 |
Appendix C. Table Species Data
Space | Time | Phytoplankton Species 1—Abundance Cells L−1 | Localization | Sea-son | |||||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
e1 | e2 | e3 | e4 | e5 | e6 | e7 | e8 | e9 | e10 | e11 | e12 | e13 | e14 | e15 | e16 | e17 | e18 | e19 | e20 | e21 | e22 | e23 | e24 | ||||
Esmeraldas | Feb | 0.00 | 4.62 | 3.74 | 0.00 | 3.80 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 4.36 | 0.00 | 2.90 | 4.88 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 3.94 | 4.44 | 3.74 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0 | North | Rainy |
Manta | Feb | 0.00 | 3.37 | 3.85 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 3.59 | 0.00 | 4.04 | 3.67 | 0.00 | 3.67 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 2.90 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0 | Centre North | Rainy |
Libertad | Feb | 0.00 | 4.46 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 4.37 | 0.00 | 3.59 | 0.00 | 3.74 | 3.67 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 3.37 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0 | Centre South | Rainy |
Pto. Bolivar | Feb | 0.00 | 3.37 | 3.50 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 4.84 | 0.00 | 5.09 | 3.59 | 0.00 | 5.18 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 2.90 | 3.80 | 0.00 | 4.55 | 0.00 | 4.07 | 0.00 | 0 | South | Rainy |
Esmeraldas | Mar | 4.33 | 4.17 | 4.66 | 0.00 | 2.90 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 4.62 | 0.00 | 4.69 | 4.36 | 3.20 | 3.74 | 3.80 | 0.00 | 3.37 | 3.20 | 3.80 | 0.00 | 3.50 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 4.13 | 3 | North | Rainy |
Manta | Mar | 4.01 | 4.28 | 4.15 | 3.20 | 3.20 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 5.58 | 2.90 | 4.54 | 3.74 | 4.34 | 4.90 | 4.55 | 3.50 | 4.10 | 3.37 | 4.22 | 4.24 | 3.80 | 2.90 | 2.90 | 4.10 | 3 | Centre North | Rainy |
Libertad | Mar | 5.35 | 4.52 | 3.80 | 0.00 | 2.90 | 2.90 | 0.00 | 4.52 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 4.28 | 4.41 | 2.90 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 3.20 | 0.00 | 4.22 | 3.50 | 3.67 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 3.50 | 2 | Centre South | Rainy |
Pto. Bolivar | Mar | 3.80 | 4.26 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 6.30 | 0.00 | 5.06 | 3.20 | 5.45 | 4.56 | 0.00 | 5.55 | 5.03 | 4.04 | 3.67 | 3.80 | 4.46 | 0.00 | 2.90 | 3.20 | 3.37 | 3.74 | 2 | South | Rainy |
Esmeraldas | Apr | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 3.94 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 5.10 | 0.00 | 3.37 | 3.67 | 0.00 | 3.50 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 4.13 | 3.50 | 3.37 | 4.01 | 0.00 | 2.90 | 0.00 | 0 | North | Rainy |
Manta | Apr | 4.69 | 4.52 | 0.00 | 4.31 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 5.51 | 3.37 | 4.01 | 5.22 | 3.74 | 5.25 | 0.00 | 4.29 | 4.10 | 4.04 | 3.80 | 2.90 | 3.37 | 0.00 | 3.50 | 4.31 | 3 | Centre North | Rainy |
Libertad | Apr | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 4.49 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 4.46 | 0.00 | 4.67 | 0.00 | 3.74 | 0.00 | 0 | Centre South | Rainy |
Pto. Bolivar | Apr | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 4.17 | 4.24 | 3.97 | 0.00 | 2.90 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 2.90 | 3.20 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 3.37 | 2 | South | Rainy |
Esmeraldas | May | 0.00 | 4.51 | 2.90 | 0.00 | 2.90 | 4.78 | 0.00 | 4.45 | 3.37 | 4.59 | 4.07 | 2.90 | 5.46 | 4.58 | 0.00 | 4.73 | 3.85 | 0.00 | 3.20 | 3.67 | 3.67 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0 | North | Rainy |
Manta | May | 4.01 | 4.22 | 3.59 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 3.94 | 4.41 | 0.00 | 2.90 | 0.00 | 4.47 | 3.67 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 2.90 | 3.59 | 0.00 | 2.90 | 0.00 | 0 | Centre North | Rainy |
Libertad | May | 3.80 | 3.80 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 2.90 | 0.00 | 3.80 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 2.90 | 0.00 | 2.90 | 0.00 | 2.90 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 3.20 | 1 | Centre South | Rainy |
Pto. Bolivar | May | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 4.13 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 2.90 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 3.20 | 4.53 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0 | South | Rainy |
Esmeraldas | Jun | 4.94 | 5.25 | 4.34 | 4.74 | 3.74 | 4.72 | 0.00 | 3.74 | 0.00 | 4.15 | 4.87 | 0.00 | 4.34 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 5.88 | 3.50 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 3.37 | 3.20 | 0.00 | 4.04 | 3 | North | Dry |
Manta | Jun | 4.76 | 5.03 | 5.12 | 3.90 | 4.89 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 4.47 | 2.90 | 0.00 | 4.53 | 3.20 | 4.73 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 4.75 | 3.37 | 2.90 | 0.00 | 3.20 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0 | Centre North | Dry |
Libertad | Jun | 4.67 | 5.22 | 4.41 | 0.00 | 4.62 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 4.61 | 2.90 | 0.00 | 4.40 | 4.01 | 4.58 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 4.93 | 3.94 | 3.80 | 0.00 | 2.90 | 3.74 | 0.00 | 4.01 | 3 | Centre South | Dry |
Pto. Bolivar | Jun | 5.01 | 6.16 | 4.01 | 5.06 | 4.99 | 0.00 | 4.34 | 4.61 | 3.59 | 4.15 | 4.95 | 3.20 | 4.10 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 5.87 | 0.00 | 3.67 | 0.00 | 4.01 | 3.20 | 0.00 | 4.10 | 3 | South | Dry |
Esmeraldas | Jul | 4.86 | 5.14 | 4.99 | 4.49 | 4.41 | 4.28 | 3.67 | 4.40 | 3.74 | 3.74 | 4.68 | 0.00 | 4.49 | 5.27 | 0.00 | 4.44 | 0.00 | 3.90 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 3.37 | 0.00 | 3.20 | 1 | North | Dry |
Manta | Jul | 2.90 | 0.00 | 4.29 | 4.78 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 4.07 | 3.37 | 3.20 | 4.34 | 3.59 | 4.20 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 3.20 | 4.04 | 0.00 | 3.20 | 2.90 | 2.90 | 4.13 | 3 | Centre North | Dry |
La Libertad | Jul | 4.53 | 5.33 | 4.71 | 5.79 | 3.20 | 3.59 | 0.00 | 3.67 | 2.90 | 0.00 | 3.50 | 4.24 | 4.41 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 3.59 | 0.00 | 2.90 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 3.67 | 2 | Centre South | Dry |
Pto. Bolivar | Jul | 4.34 | 5.16 | 4.01 | 5.15 | 0.00 | 4.26 | 4.52 | 3.80 | 3.74 | 5.39 | 4.53 | 4.26 | 4.26 | 4.53 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 4.41 | 3.20 | 0.00 | 3.20 | 3.37 | 3.20 | 0.00 | 0 | South | Dry |
Esmeraldas | Aug | 4.39 | 5.04 | 4.66 | 4.37 | 4.13 | 3.94 | 0.00 | 4.28 | 3.97 | 4.46 | 4.51 | 3.50 | 4.56 | 3.94 | 0.00 | 3.67 | 3.67 | 4.01 | 0.00 | 3.20 | 2.90 | 0.00 | 3.67 | 2 | North | Dry |
Manta | Aug | 4.86 | 5.22 | 5.84 | 5.57 | 4.24 | 4.40 | 0.00 | 4.64 | 3.85 | 4.39 | 5.18 | 3.80 | 4.67 | 3.80 | 0.00 | 4.45 | 4.36 | 3.97 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 3.50 | 4.45 | 3 | Centre North | Dry |
La Libertad | Aug | 4.07 | 4.94 | 5.83 | 5.71 | 4.71 | 0.00 | 4.13 | 3.94 | 3.20 | 3.67 | 5.01 | 4.51 | 4.31 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 4.68 | 4.65 | 4.37 | 3.20 | 3.80 | 0.00 | 2.90 | 0.00 | 0 | Centre South | Dry |
Pto. Bolivar | Aug | 0.00 | 3.50 | 4.40 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 3.85 | 3.20 | 0.00 | 3.59 | 3.20 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 4.04 | 0.00 | 4.22 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0 | South | Dry |
Esmeraldas | Sep | 3.37 | 4.93 | 4.66 | 3.50 | 4.26 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 4.07 | 3.50 | 0.00 | 4.39 | 0.00 | 4.44 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 3.20 | 3.20 | 4.04 | 0.00 | 3.37 | 0.00 | 3.90 | 3.80 | 2 | North | Dry |
Manta | Sep | 4.53 | 5.02 | 4.95 | 3.94 | 3.94 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 4.92 | 3.94 | 3.74 | 5.12 | 0.00 | 4.41 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 3.37 | 0.00 | 3.90 | 0.00 | 3.90 | 2.90 | 3.59 | 3.67 | 2 | Centre North | Dry |
La Libertad | Sep | 0.00 | 4.33 | 4.82 | 2.90 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 4.41 | 3.20 | 4.10 | 4.34 | 0.00 | 4.01 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 4.17 | 0.00 | 3.37 | 0.00 | 2.90 | 0.00 | 0 | Centre South | Dry |
Pto. Bolivar | Sep | 0.00 | 3.37 | 3.20 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 4.59 | 3.67 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 2.90 | 3.80 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 3.37 | 4.46 | 0.00 | 3.90 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 4.40 | 3 | South | Dry |
Esmeraldas | Oct | 0.00 | 3.85 | 3.97 | 0.00 | 3.20 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 3.37 | 3.59 | 0.00 | 3.37 | 3.20 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 4.04 | 0.00 | 3.59 | 0.00 | 3.59 | 0.00 | 0 | North | Dry |
Manta | Oct | 4.10 | 4.69 | 3.80 | 4.10 | 3.59 | 4.29 | 0.00 | 3.74 | 3.85 | 4.22 | 4.39 | 3.59 | 4.40 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 3.67 | 3.50 | 4.51 | 0.00 | 3.74 | 0.00 | 3.20 | 3.50 | 2 | Centre North | Dry |
La Libertad | Oct | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 5.13 | 3.85 | 3.37 | 0.00 | 4.01 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 3.67 | 3.50 | 4.44 | 0.00 | 3.50 | 0.00 | 3.80 | 0.00 | 0 | Centre South | Dry |
Pto. Bolivar | Oct | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 3.85 | 2.90 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 3.67 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 4.51 | 0.00 | 3.37 | 0.00 | 2.90 | 0.00 | 0 | South | Dry |
Esmeraldas | Nov | 4.46 | 5.03 | 4.20 | 4.55 | 4.50 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 3.80 | 3.97 | 4.45 | 4.62 | 4.07 | 3.80 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 4.43 | 3.90 | 4.33 | 0.00 | 3.90 | 0.00 | 4.36 | 4.31 | 3 | North | Dry |
Manta | Nov | 4.22 | 5.08 | 4.07 | 3.80 | 4.40 | 5.94 | 0.00 | 4.67 | 4.39 | 4.07 | 5.62 | 3.97 | 5.09 | 3.80 | 0.00 | 4.69 | 4.40 | 4.15 | 0.00 | 3.74 | 0.00 | 3.90 | 3.85 | 2 | Centre North | Dry |
La Libertad | Nov | 4.45 | 5.31 | 6.14 | 4.07 | 3.50 | 0.00 | 4.37 | 5.12 | 4.24 | 4.15 | 5.12 | 3.50 | 4.57 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 3.80 | 4.26 | 4.31 | 0.00 | 3.94 | 0.00 | 3.37 | 0.00 | 0 | Centre South | Dry |
Pto. Bolivar | Nov | 3.80 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 4.87 | 3.85 | 3.20 | 4.13 | 3.50 | 3.74 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 3.20 | 4.31 | 3.37 | 0.00 | 3.20 | 0.00 | 2.90 | 0.00 | 0 | South | Dry |
Esmeraldas | Dec | 4.24 | 4.64 | 3.20 | 4.75 | 4.20 | 3.97 | 3.20 | 0.00 | 3.85 | 3.37 | 4.78 | 3.94 | 4.26 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 3.85 | 0.00 | 3.97 | 0.00 | 3.85 | 2.90 | 3.80 | 4.26 | 3 | North | Rainy |
Manta | Dec | 4.65 | 5.07 | 4.26 | 4.68 | 3.80 | 0.00 | 4.44 | 4.15 | 4.50 | 0.00 | 4.59 | 3.74 | 4.57 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 4.33 | 3.97 | 4.13 | 0.00 | 3.59 | 0.00 | 4.15 | 0.00 | 0 | Centre North | Rainy |
La Libertad | Dec | 4.91 | 5.09 | 5.21 | 4.28 | 4.24 | 4.52 | 4.43 | 5.35 | 5.35 | 4.31 | 4.75 | 4.26 | 4.59 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 4.77 | 3.74 | 3.74 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 3.20 | 4.13 | 3.85 | 2 | Centre South | Rainy |
Pto. Bolivar | Dec | 4.40 | 5.43 | 4.61 | 0.00 | 4.22 | 0.00 | 4.01 | 5.25 | 4.29 | 3.74 | 4.75 | 4.01 | 4.15 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 3.74 | 3.85 | 3.94 | 0.00 | 3.90 | 0.00 | 4.49 | 0.00 | 0 | South | Rainy |
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Location (Both Seasons) | Season (Entire Coastal Profile) | Total | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
North | Centre North | Centre South | South | Rainy | Dry | ||
Temperature (T—°C) | 25.77 ± 1.34 | 23.96 ± 1.18 | 22.31 ± 1.79 | 22.36 ± 1.03 | 24.03 ± 1.79 | 23.24 ± 2.04 | 23.6 ± 1.97 |
Salinity (S—psu) | 32.92 ± 0.49 | 33.57 ± 0.38 | 34.03 ± 0.41 | 33.7 ± 0.72 | 33.49 ± 0.68 | 33.61 ± 0.63 | 33.56 ± 0.66 |
Dissolved Oxygen (DO—mg.L−1) | 4.5 ± 0.33 | 4.38 ± 0.2 | 4.23 ± 0.61 | 4.16 ± 0.6 | 4.34 ± 0.49 | 4.3 ± 0.48 | 4.32 ± 0.49 |
Nitrate (—µg-at.L−1) | 1.28 ± 1.59 | 2.18 ± 1.81 | 3.13 ± 2.2 | 4.25 ± 2.74 | 3.53 ± 2.6 | 2.03 ± 1.97 | 2.71 ± 2.4 |
Nitrite (—µg-at.L−1) | 0.12 ± 0.11 | 0.17 ± 0.13 | 0.24 ± 0.15 | 0.27 ± 0.19 | 0.25 ± 0.18 | 0.16 ± 0.12 | 0.2 ± 0.16 |
Phosphate (—µg-at.L−1) | 0.59 ± 0.53 | 0.67 ± 0.52 | 0.85 ± 0.31 | 0.69 ± 0.37 | 0.91 ± 0.51 | 0.53 ± 0.31 | 0.7 ± 0.45 |
Silicate (—µg-at.L−1) | 6.19 ± 4.31 | 5.33 ± 3.62 | 9.62 ± 3.76 | 9.01 ± 3.07 | 8.85 ± 4.3 | 6.44 ± 3.65 | 7.54 ± 4.14 |
Group | Species Phytoplankton Abundance Cells L−1 | Location (Both Seasons) | Season (Entire Coastal Profile) | Total | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
North | Centre North | Centre South | South | Rainy | Dry | |||
CD | Dactyliosolen fragilissimus (e1) | 2.78 ± 2.14 | 3.88 ± 1.34 | 2.89 ± 2.22 | 1.94 ± 2.15 | 2.41 ± 2.21 | 3.26 ± 1.94 | 2.87 ± 2.11 |
CD | Guinardia striata (e2) | 4.29 ± 1.42 | 4.23 ± 1.43 | 3.91 ± 1.9 | 2.84 ± 2.3 | 3.52 ± 1.82 | 4.07 ± 1.91 | 3.82 ± 1.89 |
CD | Rhizosolenia imbricata (e3) | 3.76 ± 1.34 | 3.99 ± 1.41 | 3.17 ± 2.47 | 2.16 ± 2 | 2.37 ± 2 | 4.02 ± 1.65 | 3.27 ± 1.99 |
CD | Dactyliosolen antarcticus (e4) | 2.76 ± 2.11 | 3.48 ± 1.74 | 2.07 ± 2.38 | 0.93 ± 1.97 | 1.26 ± 1.94 | 3.18 ± 2.15 | 2.31 ± 2.27 |
CD | Proboscia alata (e5) | 3.46 ± 1.22 | 2.55 ± 1.97 | 2.11 ± 1.99 | 0.84 ± 1.78 | 1.61 ± 1.82 | 2.76 ± 2 | 2.24 ± 2.01 |
CD | Skeletonema costatum (e6) | 1.97 ± 2.17 | 1.33 ± 2.21 | 1 ± 1.67 | 0.96 ± 2.08 | 1.12 ± 2.02 | 1.48 ± 2.12 | 1.32 ± 2.08 |
CD | Lauderia borealis (e7) | 0.62 ± 1.33 | 0.4 ± 1.28 | 1.17 ± 1.92 | 1.17 ± 1.91 | 0.8 ± 1.62 | 0.88 ± 1.71 | 0.84 ± 1.67 |
PD | Nitzschia longissima (e8) | 3.84 ± 1.29 | 4.48 ± 0.64 | 3.75 ± 1.83 | 4.46 ± 0.5 | 3.96 ± 1.74 | 4.28 ± 0.49 | 4.13 ± 1.24 |
PD | Nitzschia sp. (e9) | 2.36 ± 1.8 | 3.41 ± 1.2 | 2.33 ± 1.88 | 2.97 ± 1.46 | 1.97 ± 2.04 | 3.43 ± 0.83 | 2.77 ± 1.67 |
PD | Pseudo-nitzschia pungens (e10) | 3.25 ± 1.63 | 2.93 ± 1.82 | 2.05 ± 1.9 | 2.82 ± 2.23 | 2.85 ± 1.97 | 2.69 ± 1.95 | 2.76 ± 1.96 |
CD | Leptocylindrus danicus (e11) | 4.38 ± 0.47 | 4.48 ± 0.77 | 3.25 ± 2.03 | 2.74 ± 2.11 | 3.41 ± 1.78 | 3.97 ± 1.59 | 3.71 ± 1.7 |
CD | Thalassiosira sp. (e12) | 1.89 ± 1.75 | 2.73 ± 1.69 | 2.98 ± 1.84 | 2.77 ± 1.38 | 2.21 ± 1.85 | 2.91 ± 1.54 | 2.59 ± 1.73 |
CD | Chaetoceros affinis (e13) | 3.51 ± 1.72 | 4.58 ± 0.41 | 3 ± 1.9 | 2.8 ± 2.18 | 3.29 ± 2.01 | 3.62 ± 1.65 | 3.47 ± 1.83 |
CD | Chaetoceros curvisetus (e14) | 1.6 ± 2.14 | 1.44 ± 1.91 | 0 ± 0 | 0.87 ± 1.85 | 1.08 ± 1.89 | 0.89 ± 1.75 | 0.98 ± 1.82 |
CD | Chaetoceros didymus (e15) | 0 ± 0 | 0.71 ± 1.51 | 0.34 ± 1.08 | 0.37 ± 1.16 | 0.78 ± 1.56 | 0 ± 0 | 0.35 ± 1.12 |
CD | Hemiaulus sinensis (e16) | 3.05 ± 1.99 | 3.04 ± 1.9 | 2.87 ± 1.86 | 1.5 ± 2.08 | 2.32 ± 1.94 | 2.86 ± 2.13 | 2.62 ± 2.07 |
PD | Thalassionema nitzschioides (e17) | 2.31 ± 1.77 | 2.75 ± 1.72 | 1.83 ± 2.02 | 2.06 ± 1.92 | 1.84 ± 1.86 | 2.56 ± 1.85 | 2.24 ± 1.89 |
D | Gymnodinium sp. (e18) | 3.23 ± 1.53 | 3.5 ± 1.21 | 3.64 ± 1.23 | 3.22 ± 1.57 | 2.89 ± 1.71 | 3.82 ± 0.89 | 3.4 ± 1.41 |
D | Gyrodinium sp. (e19) | 1 ± 1.66 | 0.91 ± 1.53 | 0.61 ± 1.29 | 0.55 ± 1.18 | 1.53 ± 1.73 | 0.13 ± 0.64 | 0.77 ± 1.44 |
C | Mesodinium rubrum (e20) | 3.29 ± 1.07 | 2.92 ± 1.39 | 3.18 ± 1.13 | 3.72 ± 0.55 | 3.34 ± 1.21 | 3.23 ± 1.03 | 3.28 ± 1.12 |
CD | Ditylum brightwellii (e21) | 1.46 ± 1.61 | 0.79 ± 1.29 | 0.63 ± 1.34 | 0.89 ± 1.45 | 0.79 ± 1.38 | 1.07 ± 1.52 | 0.94 ± 1.46 |
PD | Navicula sp. (e22) | 1.69 ± 1.87 | 2.77 ± 1.36 | 1.89 ± 1.76 | 1.9 ± 1.79 | 2 ± 1.85 | 2.12 ± 1.68 | 2.06 ± 1.76 |
PD | Stauroneis membranacea (e23) | 2.49 ± 1.91 | 2.55 ± 1.94 | 1.66 ± 1.82 | 1.42 ± 1.89 | 1.72 ± 1.92 | 2.28 ± 1.95 | 2.03 ± 1.96 |
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González-Narváez, M.; Fernández-Gómez, M.J.; Mendes, S.; Molina, J.-L.; Ruiz-Barzola, O.; Galindo-Villardón, P. Study of Temporal Variations in Species–Environment Association through an Innovative Multivariate Method: MixSTATICO. Sustainability 2021, 13, 5924. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13115924
González-Narváez M, Fernández-Gómez MJ, Mendes S, Molina J-L, Ruiz-Barzola O, Galindo-Villardón P. Study of Temporal Variations in Species–Environment Association through an Innovative Multivariate Method: MixSTATICO. Sustainability. 2021; 13(11):5924. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13115924
Chicago/Turabian StyleGonzález-Narváez, Mariela, María José Fernández-Gómez, Susana Mendes, José-Luis Molina, Omar Ruiz-Barzola, and Purificación Galindo-Villardón. 2021. "Study of Temporal Variations in Species–Environment Association through an Innovative Multivariate Method: MixSTATICO" Sustainability 13, no. 11: 5924. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13115924