Design, Validation and Implementation of a Questionnaire to Assess Teenagers’ Digital Competence in the Area of Communication in Digital Environments
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. Importance of Communicative Competence and Information Literacy in Compulsory Education Students
1.2. Digital Literacy and Competence: Previous Studies and Current Scenario
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Objectives
2.2. Participants
2.3. Instrument
2.4. Procedure and Application
2.5. Data Analysis
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Analysis of the Test as a Whole
3.2. Item Analysis of the Knowledge and Skills Test
3.2.1. Descriptive Analysis of Items and Difficulty Index
3.2.2. Item Correlation Analysis
3.2.3. Analysis of Item Discrimination, Difficulty and Reliability
3.2.4. Test Reliability Analysis
3.3. Analysis of the Items of the Attitude Scale
- I decline any social media friendship requests from strangers.
- I think carefully about what information I am going to share before doing so.
- I take care of maintaining appropriate behaviour when interacting online.
- I like to mind, respect, and value the work published by others and shared through the Internet.
- I am ready to report any cyberbullying situation, whether I or anybody else is the victim.
- I am aware of the impact of everything I publish on the Internet and of how fast it can become viral and go beyond my scope of control.
3.3.1. Statistical Description of the Attitudes Scale
3.3.2. Correlation Analysis for Attitude Items
3.3.3. Item Discrimination and Reliability Analysis
3.4. Reliability and Validy of the Test
4. Conclusions
5. Patents
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Lowest | Highest | Mean | Standard Deviation | |
---|---|---|---|---|
KNOWLEDGE (max. 8) (8 dichotomous items: 0/1) | 0 | 8 | 4.27 | 1.575 |
SKILLS (max. 10) (10 dichotomous items: 0/1) | 0 | 10 | 5.38 | 1.885 |
ATTITUDES (max. 30) (6 Likert-type items: 1 to 5) | 6 | 30 | 26.05 | 4.534 |
Competence Area | Mean ( ) | Standard Deviation (SD) | |
---|---|---|---|
C1.—INTERACTING THROUGH NEW TECHNOLOGIES | 1.71 | 0.801 | |
1. Knows how to deal with a friend request made by a stranger through social media | Skills | 0.81 | 0.390 |
2. Knows what should be done when writing messages using different communication tools | Knowledge | 0.61 | 0.489 |
3. Knows how to proceed when making a presentation | Skills | 0.29 | 0.456 |
C2.—SHARING INFORMATION AND CONTENTS | 1.45 | 0.768 | |
4. Knows where to share a video | Knowledge | 0.22 | 0.416 |
5. Knows how to email a paper or task | Skills | 0.44 | 0.497 |
6. Knows what contents or resources could be shared on the Internet | Knowledge | 0.78 | 0.411 |
C3.—ONLINE CITIZEN PARTICIPATION | 1.57 | 0.964 | |
7. Is aware of the media to use on the Internet to achieve as much citizen participation as possible in the shortest time possible | Skills | 0.38 | 0.485 |
8. Knows how to access and use online services | Knowledge | 0.66 | 0.473 |
9. Knows how to approach and use the online services available | Skills | 0.53 | 0.500 |
C4.—COLLABORATING THROUGH DIGITAL TECHNOLOGIES | 1.26 | 0.915 | |
10. Is familiar with the digital tools that can be used for cooperative working | Knowledge | 0.33 | 0.472 |
11. Knows how to draw up an online working document in a cooperative manner | Skills | 0.47 | 0.500 |
12. Knows how to correct a text document using the track changes option | Skills | 0.45 | 0.498 |
C5.—NETIQUETTE | 1.96 | 0.928 | |
13. Knows what should be done when a message includes multiple recipients | Knowledge | 0.58 | 0.494 |
14. Knows what to do upon receiving a chain message offering gifts | Skills | 0.60 | 0.490 |
15. Knows how to respond when faced by a cyberbullying situation | Skills | 0.78 | 0.413 |
C6.—MANAGING DIGITAL IDENTITY | 1.70 | 0.902 | |
16. Understands friendship relationships both inside and outside the Internet | Skills | 0.62 | 0.485 |
17. Is aware of the consequences of having a negative identity on the Internet | Knowledge | 0.63 | 0.484 |
18. Is aware of the benefits of having several digital identities | Knowledge | 0.45 | 0.498 |
TOTAL (max. 18 points) N = 609 | 9.65 | 2.873 |
1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | |
Item 1 | 1.000 | 0.183 | −0.023 | −0.099 | −0.005 | 0.128 | −0.112 | −0.039 | −0.001 | −0.061 |
Item 2 | 1.000 | −0.042 | −0.041 | 0.017 | 0.054 | 0.016 | 0.089 | 0.105 | 0.057 | |
Item 3 | 1.000 | −0.032 | 0.021 | 0.083 | 0.137 | 0.055 | 0.036 | 0.061 | ||
Item 4 | 1.000 | −0.013 | 0.000 | 0.074 | 0.062 | 0.048 | 0.182 | |||
Item 5 | 1.000 | 0.015 | 0.064 | 0.137 | 0.077 | 0.055 | ||||
Item 6 | 1.000 | 0.020 | 0.194 | 0.167 | 0.007 | |||||
Item 7 | 1.000 | 0.132 | 0.116 | 0.093 | ||||||
Item 8 | 1.000 | 0.221 | 0.012 | |||||||
Item 9 | 1.000 | 0.110 | ||||||||
Item 10 | 1.000 | |||||||||
11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | |||
Item 1 | 0.009 | 0.001 | 0.035 | 0.083 | 0.164 | −0.016 | −0.006 | 0.014 | ||
Item 2 | −0.011 | −0.109 | 0.058 | 0.103 | 0.145 | −0.006 | 0.101 | 0.009 | ||
Item 3 | 0.058 | −0.009 | −0.006 | 0.016 | 0.036 | −0.013 | −0.052 | −0.008 | ||
Item 4 | −0.072 | −0.028 | 0.094 | 0.062 | 0.062 | −0.010 | 0.062 | −0.081 | ||
Item 5 | 0.115 | 0.116 | 0.047 | 0.026 | 0.086 | −0.006 | 0.019 | 0.100 | ||
Item 6 | 0.081 | 0.078 | 0.129 | 0.049 | 0.178 | 0.097 | 0.033 | 0.043 | ||
Item 7 | 0.128 | 0.067 | 0.012 | 0.065 | 0.018 | 0.052 | 0.127 | −0.029 | ||
Item 8 | 0.106 | 0.160 | 0.111 | 0.089 | 0.179 | 0.057 | 0.088 | −0.015 | ||
Item 9 | 0.139 | 0.037 | 0.130 | 0.122 | 0.182 | 0.097 | 0.121 | 0.006 | ||
Item 10 | 0.106 | 0.046 | 0.062 | −0.035 | 0.064 | −0.038 | −0.026 | 0.144 | ||
9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | |||
Item 11 | 1.000 | 0.089 | 0.043 | 0.053 | 0.152 | −0.072 | 0.062 | 0.079 | ||
Item 12 | 1.000 | 0.132 | 0.118 | 0.133 | 0.059 | 0.152 | 0.028 | |||
Item 13 | 1.000 | 0.077 | 0.186 | 0.026 | 0.042 | 0.134 | ||||
Item 14 | 1.000 | 0.229 | −0.028 | 0.162 | 0.018 | |||||
Item 15 | 1.000 | 0.156 | 0.264 | 0.098 | ||||||
Item 16 | 1.000 | 0.128 | 0.026 | |||||||
Item 17 | 1.000 | 0.050 | ||||||||
Item 18 | 1.000 |
C1 | C2 | C3 | C4 | C5 | C6 | TOTAL | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
C1—Interacting through new technologies | 1 | 0.040 | 0.093 * | 0.072 | 0.170 ** | 0.010 | 0.062 |
C2—Sharing information and contents | 1 | 0.243 ** | 0.170 ** | 0.203 ** | 0.081 * | 0.116 ** | |
C3—Online citizen participation | 1 | 0.231 ** | 0.227 ** | 0.137 ** | 0.147 ** | ||
C4—Collaborating through digital technologies | 1 | 0.191 ** | 0.157 ** | 0.096 * | |||
C5—Netiquette | 1 | 0.227 ** | 0.225 ** | ||||
C6—Managing digital identity | 1 | 0.119 ** | |||||
TOTAL ATTITUDE | 0.062 | 0.116 ** | 0.147 ** | 0.096 * | 0.225 ** | 0.119 ** | 1 |
Discrimination Index (rbp) | Difficulty Index (% Right Answers) | Mean of the Scale If Element Is Removed | Scale Variance If Element Is Removed | Corrected Total Element Correlation | Cronbach’s Alpha If Element Is Removed | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Item 1 | 0.18 | 81.3% | 8.84 | 8.012 | 0.040 | 0.554 |
Item 2 | 0.32 | 60.8% | 9.05 | 7.590 | 0.158 | 0.537 |
Item 3 | 0.21 | 29.4% | 9.36 | 7.908 | 0.053 | 0.554 |
Item 4 | 0.19 | 22.2% | 9.43 | 7.969 | 0.047 | 0.554 |
Item 5 | 0.32 | 44.2% | 9.21 | 7.588 | 0.153 | 0.538 |
Item 6 | 0.36 | 78.5% | 8.87 | 7.562 | 0.231 | 0.526 |
Item 7 | 0.33 | 37.8% | 9.28 | 7.555 | 0.173 | 0.534 |
Item 8 | 0.43 | 66.3% | 8.99 | 7.296 | 0.287 | 0.514 |
Item 9 | 0.45 | 52.5% | 9.13 | 7.201 | 0.299 | 0.511 |
Item 10 | 0.30 | 33.5% | 9.32 | 7.652 | 0.145 | 0.539 |
Item 11 | 0.37 | 47.5% | 9.18 | 7.427 | 0.212 | 0.527 |
Item 12 | 0.39 | 44.8% | 9.21 | 7.394 | 0.226 | 0.525 |
Item 13 | 0.38 | 58.0% | 9.07 | 7.407 | 0.224 | 0.525 |
Item 14 | 0.36 | 60.03% | 9.05 | 7.466 | 0.204 | 0.529 |
Item 15 | 0.53 | 78.2% | 8.87 | 7.168 | 0.413 | 0.496 |
Item 16 | 0.27 | 62.4% | 9.03 | 7.723 | 0.110 | 0.546 |
Item 17 | 0.39 | 62.6% | 9.03 | 7.412 | 0.230 | 0.524 |
Item 18 | 0.28 | 45.3% | 9.20 | 7.710 | 0.107 | 0.547 |
Items | % Right Answers | Criterion | Description | Level |
---|---|---|---|---|
1, 6, 15 | 81, 79, 78 | >70 | Very easy | Basic (8 items) |
2, 8, 14, 16, 17 | 61, 66, 60, 62, 63 | 60–70 | Easy | |
5, 9, 11, 12, 13, 18 | 44, 53, 48, 45, 58, 45 | 40–60 | Moderate | Intermediate (6 items) |
7, 10 | 38, 34 | 30–40 | Difficult | Advanced (4 items) |
3, 4 | 29, 22 | <30 | Very difficult |
Lowest | Highest | Average | Standard Deviation | Skew | Kurtosis | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Attitude 1 | 1 | 5 | 4.37 | 1.204 | −1.836 | 2.072 |
Attitude 2 | 1 | 5 | 4.60 | 0.772 | −2.497 | 7.121 |
Attitude 3 | 1 | 5 | 4.34 | 0.908 | −1.652 | 2.953 |
Attitude 4 | 1 | 5 | 4.11 | 1.037 | −1.346 | 1.599 |
Attitude 5 | 1 | 5 | 4.43 | 0.984 | −2.014 | 3.759 |
Attitude 6 | 1 | 5 | 4.20 | 1.029 | −1.324 | 1.254 |
TOTAL N = 609 | 6 | 30 | 26.05 | 4.534 | −2.467 | 9.152 |
Items | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | Total |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Attitude 1 | 1.000 | 0.384 ** | 0.333 ** | 0.109 ** | 0.294 ** | 0.302 ** | 0.646 |
Attitude 2 | 1.000 | 0.482 ** | 0.309 ** | 0.284 ** | 0.331 ** | 0.671 ** | |
Attitude 3 | 1.000 | 0.359 ** | 0.257 ** | 0.422 ** | 0.704 ** | ||
Attitude 4 | 1.000 | 0.259 ** | 0.392 ** | 0.614 ** | |||
Attitude 5 | 1.000 | 0.299 ** | 0.608 ** | ||||
Attitude 6 | 1000 | 0.702 ** | |||||
TOTAL ATTITUDE | 0.646 ** | 0.671 ** | 0.704 ** | 0.614 ** | 0.608 ** | 0.702 ** | 1 |
Discrimination Index (rpb) | Difficulty Index (% Correct Answers) | Scale Mean If Element Is Removed | Scale Variance If Element Is Removed | Corrected Total Element Correlation | Cronbach’s Alpha if Element Is Removed | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Attitude 1 | 0.44 | 21.68 | 10.540 | 0.404 | 0.230 | 0.714 |
Attitude 2 | 0.33 | 21.45 | 11.714 | 0.538 | 0.321 | 0.676 |
Attitude 3 | 0.38 | 21.71 | 10.999 | 0.552 | 0.344 | 0.665 |
Attitude 4 | 0.38 | 21.94 | 11.268 | 0.403 | 0.235 | 0.707 |
Attitude 5 | 0.36 | 21.62 | 11.463 | 0.408 | 0.171 | 0.704 |
Attitude 6 | 0.42 | 21.84 | 10.589 | 0.523 | 0.290 | 0.670 |
Components | ||
---|---|---|
Variables | 1 | 2 |
C1.—INTERACTING THROUGH NEW TECHNOLOGIES | −0.036 | 0.397 |
C2.—SHARING INFORMATION AND CONTENTS | 0.116 | 0.508 |
C3.—ONLINE CITIZEN PARTICIPATION | 0.107 | 0.601 |
C4.—COLLABORATING THROUGH DIGITAL TECHNOLOGIES | 0.002 | 0.586 |
C5.—NETIQUETTE | 0.204 | 0.625 |
C6.—MANAGING DIGITAL IDENTITY | 0.061 | 0.448 |
Attitude 1 | 0.547 | 0.227 |
Attitude 2 | 0.707 | 0.119 |
Attitude 3 | 0.733 | 0.130 |
Attitude 4 | 0.645 | −0.099 |
Attitude 5 | 0.544 | 0.145 |
Attitude 6 | 0.724 | −0.017 |
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Iglesias-Rodríguez, A.; Hernández-Martín, A.; Martín-González, Y.; Herráez-Corredera, P. Design, Validation and Implementation of a Questionnaire to Assess Teenagers’ Digital Competence in the Area of Communication in Digital Environments. Sustainability 2021, 13, 6733. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13126733
Iglesias-Rodríguez A, Hernández-Martín A, Martín-González Y, Herráez-Corredera P. Design, Validation and Implementation of a Questionnaire to Assess Teenagers’ Digital Competence in the Area of Communication in Digital Environments. Sustainability. 2021; 13(12):6733. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13126733
Chicago/Turabian StyleIglesias-Rodríguez, Ana, Azucena Hernández-Martín, Yolanda Martín-González, and Patricia Herráez-Corredera. 2021. "Design, Validation and Implementation of a Questionnaire to Assess Teenagers’ Digital Competence in the Area of Communication in Digital Environments" Sustainability 13, no. 12: 6733. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13126733