Using the Draw-a-Story Drawing Test to Predict Perceived Stress, Military Life Adjustment, and Resilience
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
2.1. Participants
2.2. Procedures and Ethical Considerations
2.3. Measures
2.3.1. The Perceived Stress Scale
2.3.2. The Military Life Adjustment Scale
2.3.3. The Connor–Davidson Resilience Scale—Korean Version
2.3.4. The Draw-a-Story Drawing Test
2.4. Data Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Descriptive Statistics and Correlation
3.2. Regression Analysis
3.3. Case Examples
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A. The Perceived Stress Scale
- I get stressed because of the inconvenience of facilities (e.g., toilet, bathroom).
- I get stressed because of the lack of leisure life.
- I get stressed because meals are poor.
- I get stressed because the quality of supplies is not as good as expected.
- I get stressed because my sleeping place is narrow and uncomfortable.
- I get stressed because I don’t have any feedback for my work.
- I get stressed because what I have to do now doesn’t make sense.
- I get stressed because the life around me is confusing.
- I get stressed when I have to do something contrary to my beliefs.
- I get stressed because I don’t know what to do.
- I get stressed because of the rude words and behaviors of people around me.
- I get stressed because of conflicts with people around me.
- I get stressed because I don’t have as much privacy as needed.
- I get stressed because of unfair demands from people around me.
- I get stressed because of excessive work.
- I get stressed because the assigned task doesn’t fit to my aptitude.
- I get stressed because I lack the skills and experiences to do my job.
- I get stressed because of the conflict over following instructions.
- I get stressed because of the risk of accidents at work.
- I get stressed because the work orders given to me are not clear.
- I get stressed because my daily work is boring and unchanged.
- I get stressed because my personal time (e.g., after work hours) is not guaranteed.
- I get stressed because vacations or overnight stays are unreasonably carried out.
- I get stressed because of my family problems.
- I get stressed because of my lover.
- I get stressed because I am anxious about the future after my release.
Appendix B. The Military Life Adjustment Scale
- In general, daily life in the unit is cheerful.
- I try to spend my free time in the military for my personal development.
- My physical health is very good.
- In battle, I want to fight for my country as a combatant rather than an administrative soldier.
- 4.
- If the country is in crisis, I will extend my service period.
- 5.
- When a battle occurs, I will go to the battlefield immediately.
- 6.
- If a war breaks out, I want to go to a unit on the front line.
- 7.
- My current position is very satisfactory compared to other positions.
- 8.
- If I were given the opportunity to change my position, I would not change it.
- 9.
- My job in the military is very valuable.
- 10.
- In general, there are many opportunities to demonstrate my abilities in the military.
- 11.
- I think my position is very important for the military to carry out its combat mission.
- 12.
- I am doing my best in the military service.
- 13.
- Our unit’s training and military conditions are very good.
- 14.
- My job in the military is interesting.
- 15.
- I think the military is very good in all respects these days.
- 16.
- Our unit’s administration (e.g., reward, vacation, overnight stay, outing) is fair.
- 17.
- Work, training, and office hours in the military are meaningful.
- 18.
- In terms of mission performance, the levels of our unit’s non-commissioned officers are excellent.
- 19.
- The officers keep what they once promised their subordinates to the end.
- 20.
- I have a lot of non-commissioned officers whom I want to be together in battle.
- 21.
- All officers in our unit care about their subordinates.
- 22.
- I think the current system of promotion in the order of seniority is a very good system.
- 23.
- Even when I receive an unfair order or instruction from my boss, I am not bothered.
- 24.
- I believe the military is doing its best for soldiers’ welfare.
- 25.
- I will have a good impression of the military when I am discharged.
Appendix C. The Connor–Davidson Resilience Scale
- I am able to adapt to change.
- I have close and secure relationships.
- Sometimes fate or God can help.
- I can deal with whatever comes.
- Past success gives me confidence for new challenges.
- I see the humorous side of things.
- Coping with stress can strengthen me.
- I tend to bounce back after illness or hardship.
- Things happen for a reason.
- I give my best effort no matter what.
- I can achieve my goals despite obstacles.
- When things look hopeless, I don’t give up.
- I know where to turn for help.
- Under pressure, I can stay focused.
- I prefer to take the lead in problem solving.
- I am not easily discouraged by failure.
- I think of myself as a strong person.
- I can make unpopular or difficult decisions.
- I can handle unpleasant feelings.
- Sometimes I have to act on a hunch.
- I have a strong sense of purpose.
- I am in control of my life.
- I like challenges.
- I work to attain my goals.
- I have pride in my achievements.
Appendix D. The Draw-a-Story Drawing Test
References
- Jue, J. Art Diagnosis and Assessment; Hakjisa: Seoul, Korea, 2015; pp. 13–62. [Google Scholar]
- Veltman, M.W.M.; Browne, K.D. The assessment of drawings from children who have been maltreated: A systematic review. Child Abus. Rev. 2002, 11, 19–37. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Handler, L.; Thomas, A. Drawings in Assessment and Psychotherapy: Research and Application; Routledge: New York, NY, USA, 2014; pp. 1–57. [Google Scholar]
- Silver, R. Aggression and Depression Assessment through Art; Brunner-Routledge: New York, NY, USA, 2005; pp. 3–32. [Google Scholar]
- Koo, S.S. Study for the problem of soldiers’ mental health and the state of military counseling services. Korean J. Couns. Psychother. 2013, 4, 1–20. [Google Scholar]
- Hyun, H.S.; Lee, I.S. A study on stress and symptoms of stress in solders in the army. J. Korean Acad. Nurs. 2008, 38, 238–247. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Seol, J.H. The role of psychological hardiness and social support between stress and mental health among military personnel: A mediated moderation analysis. Korean J. Health Psychol. 2018, 23, 57–79. [Google Scholar]
- Choi, H.; Keum, M. The effect of the stress and early maladaptive schema on depression of military service of soldier. J. Korean Data Anal. Soc. 2012, 14, 1373–1383. [Google Scholar]
- Hyun, M.S.; Chung, H.I.; Kang, H.S. Influencing factors on military adaptation among Korean soldiers. J. Korean Acad. Psychiatry Ment. Health Nurs. 2009, 18, 305–312. [Google Scholar]
- Ha, J.H.; Jue, J.; Jang, Y. The relationship between army soldiers’ perceived stress and army life adjustment: Focusing on the mediating effect of stress response and the moderating effect of cohesion. Mil. Med. 2020, 185, e1743–e1749. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- MacManus, D.; Dean, K.; AlBakir, M.; Iversen, A.C.; Hull, L.; Fahy, T.; Fear, N.T. Violent behaviour in UK military personnel returning home after deployment. Psychol. Med. 2012, 42, 1663–1673. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Pflanz, S. Occupational stress and psychiatric illness in the military: Investigation of the relationship between occupational stress and mental illness among military mental health patients. Mil. Med. 2001, 166, 457–462. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Park, S.I.; Lee, D. Influence of job satisfaction, job stress, anger expression, depression, and hopelessness of junior officers of Armed Forces on their suicidal ideation. Korean J. Couns. Psychother. 2014, 26, 545–571. [Google Scholar]
- Kim, H.R.; Lee, I.J.; Ha, J.P.; Yang, N.M. The influence of early maladaptive schema on adjustment of soldiers: The mediating effects of military life stress and ego-resilience. J. Hum. 2014, 38, 297–323. [Google Scholar]
- Military Death Status of Korea Government Official Statistics. Available online: https://www.index.go.kr/potal/main/EachDtlPageDetail.do?idx_cd=1701 (accessed on 3 March 2021).
- Herrman, H.; Stewart, D.E.; Diaz-Granados, N. What is resilience? Can. J. Psychiatry 2011, 56, 258–265. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Kimhi, S.; Eshel, Y.; Bonanno, G.A. Resilience protective and risk factors as prospective predictors of depression and anxiety symptoms following intensive terror attacks in Israel. Personal. Individ. Differ. 2020, 159, 109864. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Larrabee, J.H.; Wu, Y.; Persily, C.A.; Simoni, P.S.; Johnston, P.A.; Marcischak, T.L. Influence of stress resiliency on RN job satisfaction and intent to stay. Western J. Nurs. Res. 2010, 32, 81–102. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Song, Y.; Ha, J.H.; Jue, J. Examining the relative influences of the risk factors and protective factors that affect firefighter resilience. SAGE Open 2020. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Tugade, M.M.; Fredrickson, B.L. Resilient individuals use positive emotions to bounce back from negative emotional experiences. J. Personal. Soc. Psychol. 2004, 86, 320–333. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Kim, M.; Park, Y.; Kwon, Y. The effects of clinical nurses resilience and social problem-solving ability on burnout. J. Korea Acad. Coop. Soc. 2015, 16, 1284–1291. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Hwang, H.I.; Tak, J.H.; Kang, H.M. A study on the relationship between childcare teachers’ burnout and their self-esteem in high and low resilience. J. Korea Open Assoc. Early Child. Educ. 2014, 19, 31–52. [Google Scholar]
- Kim, N.; Kim, S. Mediation effects of social support and resilience between life stress and psychological well-being among Korean college students. Korea J. Couns. 2013, 14, 1125–1144. [Google Scholar]
- Hwangbo, S. The Relationships between Complex Trauma and Suicidal Ideation in Army Soldiers: Mediation Effects of Resilience. Master’s Thesis, Dankook University, Yongin, Korea, 2014. [Google Scholar]
- Afek, A.; Ben-Avraham, R.; Davidov, A.; Cohen, N.B.; Yehuda, A.B.; Gilboa, Y.; Nahum, M. Psychological resilience, mental health, and inhibitory control among youth and young adults under stress. Front. Psychiatry 2021, 11, 608588. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Park, K. The Effect of Interpersonal Sensitivity on Adaptation to Military Life: Focusing on the Mediating Effect of Resilience. Master’s Thesis, Dongshin University, Naju, Korea, 2020. [Google Scholar]
- Song, J.A.; Jang, J.S.; Lee, H.N. The mediating effects of resilience in relations between family function and military adjustment of soldiers. Korean Acad. Mil. Soc. Welf. 2014, 7, 63–95. [Google Scholar]
- Yeon, M.S.; Moon, J.W. The influence of soldiers’ stress on military life adaptation: Focusing on the moderating effects of resilience and social support. Korean Acad. Mil. Soc. Welf. 2018, 11, 5–24. [Google Scholar]
- Reivich, K.; Shatte, A. The Resilience Factor: Seven Essential Skills for Overcoming Life’s Inevitable Obstacles; Broadway Books: New York, NY, USA, 2002; pp. 1–70. [Google Scholar]
- Yoon, S.; Maguire-Jack, K.; Knox, J.; Ploss, A. Socio-ecological predictors of resilience development over time among youth with a history of maltreatment. Child Maltreatment 2020, 26, 162–171. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Silver, R. Three Art Assessments; Brunner-Routledge: New York, NY, USA, 2002; pp. 133–186. [Google Scholar]
- Lee, S.; Jo, Y. Response characteristics from Draw-A-Story (DAS) test according to firefighting officer’s job stress. J. Clin. Art Psychother. 2018, 8, 23–41. [Google Scholar]
- Cho, Y.; Han, K. The Draw-A-Story (DAS) response characteristics by posttraumatic stress and ego-resilience of subway drivers experiencing an accident. Korean J. Art Ther. 2018, 25, 169–188. [Google Scholar]
- Jue, J.; Kim, H. Draw-a-Story response characteristics of young North Korean defectors. Arts Psychother. 2014, 41, 504–510. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Eo, S. The reaction characteristics of Draw-a-Story test (DAS) in children with posttraumatic stress disorder—In pediatric burn patients. Korean J. Art Ther. 2017, 24, 719–738. [Google Scholar]
- Byeon, N.Y.; Lee, K.M. A study of difference in the result of DAS (Draw-a-Story) test on soldiers’ depression. J. Clin. Art Psychother. 2013, 3, 1–20. [Google Scholar]
- Kim, S.; Hong, E. The characteristics of response to Draw-a-Story tests in relation to depression and suicide ideation of soldiers. Korean J. Hum. Dev. 2009, 16, 221–232. [Google Scholar]
- Stouffer, S.A.; Lumsdaine, A.A.; Lumsdaine, M.H.; Williams, R., Jr.; Smith, M.B.; Janis, I.L.; Star, S.A.; Cottrell, L.S., Jr. The American Soldier: Combat and Its Aftermath; Princeton University Press: Princeton, NJ, USA, 1949; pp. 1–120. [Google Scholar]
- Shin, T.S. A Study of Relationship between Identity of Military Personnel and Adaptation in Military Life. Master’s Thesis, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea, 1981. [Google Scholar]
- Koo, S.S. A Study on Adjustment in Military Life of the New Generation Soldier. Ph.D. Dissertation, Ewha Woman’s Uni-versity, Seoul, Korea, 2004. Unpublished. [Google Scholar]
- Connor, K.M.; Davidson, J.R.T. Development of a new resilience scale: The Connor-Davidson resilience scale (CD-RISC). Depress. Anxiety 2003, 18, 76–82. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Baek, H.; Lee, K.; Joo, E.; Lee, M.; Choi, K. Reliability and Validity of the Korean Version of the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale. Psychiatry Investig. 2010, 7, 109–115. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Brosschot, J.F.; Gerin, W.; Thayer, J.F. The perseverative cognition hypothesis: A review of worry, prolonged stress-related physiological activation, and health. J. Psychosom. Res. 2006, 60, 113–124. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Regehr, C.; Glancy, D.; Pitts, A. Interventions to reduce stress in university students: A review and meta-analysis. J. Affect. Disord. 2013, 148, 1–11. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Kwon, I.H. A study on the Consciousness Tendency and the Military Stress and Adjustment of New-Generation Soldiers. Master’s Thesis, Hannam University, Daejeon, Korea, 2004. [Google Scholar]
- Choi, S.; Lim, N. The emotional behavior problem and trait anger identified by the DAS of the late-school-age children and the predictive variable response characteristic. Korean J. Art Ther. 2017, 24, 823–843. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Di Nardo, M.; Clericuzio, M.; Murino, T.; Madonna, M. An adaptive resilience approach for a high capacity railway. Int. Rev. Civ. Eng. 2000, 11, 98–105. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Choi, G.; Jeon, S.H. A study on the characteristics of responses to the Draw-A-Story (DAS) test according to the depression and resilience of middle-aged women. Korean J. Art Ther. 2021, 28, 113–127. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kim, B.N.; Oh, H.S.; Park, Y.S. A study of nurses’ resilience, occupational stress and satisfaction. Korean J. Occup. Health Nurs. 2011, 20, 14–23. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kim, T.H.; Kim, G.S. A study on the correlation between college students’ Draw-a-Story test and their psychological well-being. J. Arts Psychother. 2014, 10, 25–43. [Google Scholar]
- Oh, J.; Kim, S. A comparative study on responses to the Draw-A-Story test in adolescent school violence offenders and general adolescents. Korean J. Art Ther. 2014, 21, 899–917. [Google Scholar]
- Jee, H. A study on aggression of male adolescents and reaction characteristics of Draw-A-Story. Focusing on male adolescents at a juvenile detention center and general male students. Korean J. Art Ther. 2013, 20, 247–262. [Google Scholar]
- Park, C.H.; Kim, G.S. A Validation Study on DAS in the Prediction of Suicidal Risk for Adolescents. Arts Psychother. 2013, 40, 108–114. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Park, C.H.; Kim, G.S. A study on suicide of middle school students and reaction characteristics of DAS. Korean J. Art Ther. 2014, 21, 747–770. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Son, H.; Kim, G. A study on the relations among depression, aggression and Draw-a-Story response characteristics of middle school students. J. Korean Home Manag. Assoc. 2008, 26, 405–418. [Google Scholar]
Variable | Frequency | % | |
---|---|---|---|
Sex | male | 276 | 100.0 |
female | 0 | 0 | |
Marital status | married | 2 | 0.7 |
unmarried | 274 | 99.3 | |
Education level | Graduated from high school | 64 | 23.2 |
enrolled in college | 204 | 73.9 | |
Graduated from college | 8 | 2.9 | |
Socioeconomic status | Upper class | 9 | 3.3 |
Upper middle class | 26 | 9.4 | |
Middle class | 216 | 78.3 | |
Working class | 20 | 7.2 | |
Poor | 5 | 1.8 |
Variable | 1. | 2. | 3. | 4. | 5. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1. Perceived Stress | – | ||||
2. Military Life Adjustment | −0.57 *** | – | |||
3. Resilience | −0.40 *** | 0.61 *** | – | ||
4. DAS Emotional Content | −0.17 ** | 0.25 *** | 0.29 *** | – | |
5. DAS Self-Image | −0.10 | 0.10 | 0.19 ** | 0.64 *** | – |
Mean | 2.30 | 3.15 | 3.66 | 2.84 | 3.30 |
Standard Deviation | 0.78 | 0.79 | 0.73 | 1.40 | 1.41 |
Independent Variable | Dependent Variable | R | R2 | F | B | SE | β | t |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Emotional Content | Perceived Stress | 0.17 | 0.03 | 7.89 ** | −0.09 | 0.03 | −0.17 | −2.81 ** |
Emotional Content | Military Life Adjustment | 0.25 | 0.06 | 17.25 *** | 0.14 | 0.03 | 0.25 | 4.15 *** |
Emotional Content | Resilience | 0.27 | 0.07 | 20.17 *** | 0.14 | 0.03 | 0.27 | 4.49 *** |
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. |
© 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Jue, J.; Ha, J.-H. Using the Draw-a-Story Drawing Test to Predict Perceived Stress, Military Life Adjustment, and Resilience. Sustainability 2021, 13, 7383. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13137383
Jue J, Ha J-H. Using the Draw-a-Story Drawing Test to Predict Perceived Stress, Military Life Adjustment, and Resilience. Sustainability. 2021; 13(13):7383. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13137383
Chicago/Turabian StyleJue, Juliet, and Jung-Hee Ha. 2021. "Using the Draw-a-Story Drawing Test to Predict Perceived Stress, Military Life Adjustment, and Resilience" Sustainability 13, no. 13: 7383. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13137383