Temporal, Spatial, and Socioeconomic Dynamics in Social Media Thematic Emphases during Typhoon Mangkhut
Abstract
:1. Introduction
- RQ1: What major themes appear in Sina Weibo texts during a typhoon disaster?
- RQ2: What is the temporal and spatial distribution of themes?
- RQ3: Are there any differences in thematic emphases across disparate socioeconomic groups?
2. Literature Review
2.1. Content Analysis on Social Media in Disaster Management
2.2. Disparities in Social Media
3. Materials and Methods
3.1. Typhoon Mangkhut as a Case Study
3.2. Sina Weibo Data
3.3. Socioeconomic Data
3.4. Research Design
4. Results
4.1. Major Themes Appear in Sina Weibo Texts
4.2. Analysis on the Evolution of the Themes
4.3. Analysis on the Spatial Distribution of Themes
4.4. Analysis on Socioeconomic Disparities of Thematic Emphases
5. Discussion
5.1. Principal Results
5.2. Limitations and Future Research
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
Levene’s Test for Equality of Variances | t-Test for Equality of Means | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
F | Sig. | t | df | Sig. (Two-Tailed) | 95% Confidence Interval of the Difference | ||
Lower | Upper | ||||||
Equal variances assumed | 4.339 | 0.040 | −1.726 | 112 | 0.087 | −0.0716112 | 0.0049264 |
Equal variances not assumed | −1.802 | 111.780 | 0.074 | −0.0700012 | 0.0033164 |
Levene’s Test for Equality of Variances | t-Test for Equality of Means | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
F | Sig. | t | df | Sig. (Two-Tailed) | 95% Confidence Interval of the Difference | ||
Lower | Upper | ||||||
Equal variances assumed | 27.757 | 0.000 | −6.193 | 79 | 0.000 | −0.1751184 | −0.0899311 |
Equal variances not assumed | −6.243 | 56.700 | 0.000 | −0.1750352 | −0.0900143 |
Levene’s Test for Equality of Variances | t-Test for Equality of Means | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
F | Sig. | t | df | Sig. (Two-Tailed) | 95% Confidence Interval of the Difference | ||
Lower | Upper | ||||||
Equal variances assumed | 3.516 | 0.066 | −7.962 | 54 | 0.000 | −0.1007307 | −0.0602044 |
Equal variances not assumed | −7.482 | 35.905 | 0.000 | −0.1022827 | −0.0586524 |
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Abbreviation | Variable | Formula of the Variable |
---|---|---|
Dependency Ratio | Total dependency ratio, 2018 | |
Education | % population with a bachelor or a higher degree, 2018 | Proportion of population with bachelor degree and above |
Income | Disposable income per capita, 2018 | Residents’ disposable income refers to the sum of residents’ final consumption expenditure and savings. |
Mobilephone | % mobile Internet users, 2018 | The ratio of the number of mobile Internet users to the number of households |
Unemploy | % unemployed workforce, 2018 | Ratio of registered unemployed persons in urban areas to employed persons in urban units |
FemaleRatio | Female ratio, 2018 | Ratio of female population to population |
PctYoung | % population 15 to 29 years old, 2010 | Percentage of population aged 15–29 years |
PopDensity | Population density, 2018 | population per square kilometer |
Chinese Term | English Term | Chinese Term | English Term | Chinese Term | English Term |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
视频 | video | 好好 | good | 哈哈哈 | ha-ha |
希望 | hope | 中心 | center | 减弱 | weaken |
过后 | after | 吃 | eat | 风力 | wind force |
拍 | take | 可怜 | pathetic | 这是 | this is |
秒 | second | 中央气象台 | Central Meteorological Observatory | 搞笑 | humorous |
登陆 | landing | 舔 | lick | 上班 | work |
影响 | influence | 预警 | warning | 大树 | big tree |
心疼 | distressed | 死亡 | death | 想 | want |
真的 | really | 号 | number | 清理 | clean |
动物 | animal | 来袭 | hit | 停运 | suspension of traffic |
No. | Name of Theme | Keywords of Theme |
---|---|---|
Theme 1 | General response | eat, want, work, ha-ha, feel, holiday, home, experience, hope, life, first time |
Theme 2 | Urban transportation | tree, clean up, ravaged, chaos, influence, bring, traffic police, community |
Theme 3 | Typhoon status and impact | landing, impact, center, wind force, warning, weakening, release, expected, weather, out of service, suspension of traffic, suspension of school, flights |
Theme 4 | Animals and humorous news | distressed, animals, poor, good, humorous, memory, dog, cat |
Theme | Group | N | Mean | Std. Deviation | Std. Error Mean |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Urban transportation | Seriously affected areas | 45 | 0.345080 | 0.0962932 | 0.0143545 |
Moderately affected areas | 49 | 0.267166 | 0.1154116 | 0.0164874 | |
Typhoon status and impact | Seriously affected areas | 40 | 0.150693 | 0.0569779 | 0.0090090 |
Moderately affected areas | 41 | 0.283218 | 0.1230679 | 0.0192200 | |
Animals and humorous news | Seriously affected areas | 34 | 0.088122 | 0.0322861 | 0.0055370 |
Moderately affected areas | 22 | 0.168590 | 0.0432491 | 0.0092207 |
Hypothesis | Levene’s Test for Equality of Variances | t-Test for Equality of Means | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
F | Sig. | t | df | Sig. (Two-Tailed) | 95% Confidence Interval of the Difference | ||
Lower | Upper | ||||||
Equal variances assumed | 0.014 | 0.906 | −3.537 | 92 | 0.001 | −0.121666 | −0.034161 |
Equal variances not assumed | −3.564 | 91.190 | 0.001 | −0.121336 | −0.034491 |
Spearman Correlation | General Response | Urban Transportation | Typhoon Status and Impact | Animals and Humorous News |
---|---|---|---|---|
DependencyRatio | 0.125 | −0.193 | 0.499 ** | 0.608 ** |
Education | 0.229 * | −0.440 ** | 0.084 | 0.507 ** |
Income | −0.137 | 0.076 | −0.555 ** | −0.574 ** |
Mobilephone | −0.063 | 0.315 ** | −0.605 ** | −0.621 ** |
Unemploy | 0.094 | −0.435 ** | 0.417 ** | 0.564 ** |
FemaleRatio | 0.146 | −0.450 ** | 0.661 ** | 0.787 ** |
PctYoung | −0.119 | 0.207 * | −0.496 ** | −0.608 ** |
PopDensity | −0.258 ** | 0.177 | −0.485 ** | −0.560 ** |
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Zhu, H.; Liu, K. Temporal, Spatial, and Socioeconomic Dynamics in Social Media Thematic Emphases during Typhoon Mangkhut. Sustainability 2021, 13, 7435. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13137435
Zhu H, Liu K. Temporal, Spatial, and Socioeconomic Dynamics in Social Media Thematic Emphases during Typhoon Mangkhut. Sustainability. 2021; 13(13):7435. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13137435
Chicago/Turabian StyleZhu, Huiyun, and Kecheng Liu. 2021. "Temporal, Spatial, and Socioeconomic Dynamics in Social Media Thematic Emphases during Typhoon Mangkhut" Sustainability 13, no. 13: 7435. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13137435