Can Urban Forest Settings Evoke Positive Emotion? Evidence on Facial Expressions and Detection of Driving Factors
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area and Data Source
2.2. Photo Treatment and Analysis
2.3. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Happy Score
3.2. Sad Score
3.3. Positive Response Index
3.4. Regression Analysis
4. Discussion
4.1. More Positive Emotion in Forests Than in Cities
4.2. Gender Effect on Facial Expressions
4.3. Age Effect on Facial Expressions
4.4. Driving Forces from Environmental Factors
4.5. Limits of the Study
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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City Name | Place | Name of Place | Coordinate | Female | Male | Total |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Harbin | City | Zhongyang Street | 45°46′ N, 126°37′ E 1 | 74 | 27 | 101 |
Forest | Sun Island | 45°48′ N, 126°36′ E | 15 | 78 | 93 | |
Changchun | City | Chongqing Road | 43°53′ N, 125°20′ E | 17 | 9 | 26 |
Forest | Jingyue Pool | 43°48′ N, 125°27′ E | 32 | 20 | 52 | |
Shenyang | City | Shengyang Middle Street | 41°48′ N, 123°27′ E | 48 | 12 | 60 |
Forest | Shenyang Expo Garden | 41°52′ N, 123°39′ E | 11 | 5 | 16 | |
Beijing | City | Tiananmen Square | 39°55′ N, 116°24′ E | 323 | 178 | 501 |
Forest | Beijing Olympic Park | 39°60′ N, 116°24′ E | 63 | 28 | 91 | |
Tianjin | City | Binjiang Road | 39°08′ N, 117°12′ E | 179 | 52 | 231 |
Forest | Tanggu Forest Park | 39°05′ N, 117°41′ E | 8 | 6 | 14 | |
Taiyuan | City | Wuyi Square | 38°52′ N, 112°34′ E | 10 | 3 | 13 |
Forest | Yingze Park | 37°51′ N, 112°34′ E | 13 | 3 | 16 | |
Jinan | City | Quancheng Park | 36°40′ N, 117°01′ E | 114 | 27 | 141 |
Forest | Jinan Forest Park | 36°40′ N, 116°57′ E | 11 | 1 | 12 | |
Nanjing | City | Nanjing Confucius Temple | 32°01′ N, 118°47′ E | 148 | 51 | 199 |
Forest | Laoshan National Forest Park | 32°04′ N, 118°34′ E | 7 | 10 | 17 | |
Hefei | City | Municipal Government Park | 31°52′ N, 117°17′ E | 29 | 3 | 32 |
Forest | Dashushan Forest Park | 31°50′ N, 117°10′ E | 29 | 10 | 39 | |
Shanghai | City | The Bund of Shanghai | 31°14′ N, 121°29′ E | 199 | 81 | 280 |
Forest | Gongqing Forest Park | 31°19′ N, 121°33′ E | 69 | 20 | 89 | |
Hangzhou | City | Hangzhou Yan’an Road | 30°15′ N, 120°10′ E | 141 | 15 | 156 |
Forest | Hangzhou West Lake | 30°15′ N, 120°09′ E | 274 | 98 | 372 | |
Guangzhou | City | Shangxiajiu Pedestrian Street | 23°07′ N, 113°15′ E | 84 | 25 | 109 |
Forest | Huolushan Forest Park | 23°11′ N, 113°24′ E | 107 | 57 | 164 | |
Total | 2005 | 819 | 2824 |
Source | DF 1 | Happy | Sad | PRI 2 | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
F Value | p Value | F Value | p Value | F Value | p Value | ||
Model | 128 | 3.66 3 | <0.0001 | 2.98 | <0.0001 | 3.65 | <0.0001 |
Error | 2695 | - | - | - | - | - | - |
City | 11 | 2.47 3 | 0.0045 | 3.36 | 0.0001 | 3.58 | <0.0001 |
Place | 1 | 33.43 | <0.0001 | 36.76 | <0.0001 | 40.44 | <0.0001 |
Gender | 1 | 267.65 | <0.0001 | 71.22 | <0.0001 | 189.45 | <0.0001 |
Age | 3 | 9.57 | <0.0001 | 30.83 | <0.0001 | 26.04 | <0.0001 |
City × Place | 11 | 1.61 | 0.0889 | 1.89 | 0.0358 | 1.96 | 0.0286 |
City × Gender | 11 | 0.56 | 0.862 | 0.49 | 0.9116 | 0.32 | 0.9821 |
City × Age | 25 | 1.18 | 0.2446 | 1.34 | 0.1233 | 1.11 | 0.3158 |
Place × Gender | 1 | 0.38 | 0.5392 | 0.02 | 0.8843 | 0.06 | 0.8039 |
Place × Age | 2 | 2.61 | 0.0734 | 3.66 | 0.0258 | 0.0258 | 0.0091 |
Gender × Age | 2 | 0.34 | 0.714 | 1.5 | 0.2238 | 0.69 | 0.5013 |
City × Place × Gender | 11 | 0.63 | 0.8086 | 0.93 | 0.508 | 0.77 | 0.6714 |
City × Place × Age | 16 | 1.05 | 0.4012 | 0.82 | 0.6614 | 0.73 | 0.7649 |
Place × Gender × Age | 2 | 0.82 | 0.4416 | 1.93 | 0.1448 | 1.59 | 0.205 |
City × Place × Gender × Age | 31 | 0.87 | 0.6676 | 1.47 | 0.1066 | 1.06 | 0.3735 |
Parameter | Coefficient | Parameter Estimate | SE 1 | Model R2 | F value | Pr > F |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Happy | Intercept | 1310.84 | 47.08 | - | 775.05 | <0.0001 |
MinT 2 | 7.45 | 3.26 | 0.0018 | 5.21 | 0.0225 | |
Sad | Intercept | 1141.74 | 89.35 | - | 163.30 | <0.0001 |
Latitude | 7.83 | 2.54 | 0.0033 | 9.46 | 0.0021 | |
PRI 3 | Intercept | 1685.24 | 89.35 | - | 355.78 | <0.0001 |
Latitude | −7.88 | 2.54 | 0.0034 | 9.60 | 0.0020 |
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Liu, P.; Liu, M.; Xia, T.; Wang, Y.; Wei, H. Can Urban Forest Settings Evoke Positive Emotion? Evidence on Facial Expressions and Detection of Driving Factors. Sustainability 2021, 13, 8687. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13168687
Liu P, Liu M, Xia T, Wang Y, Wei H. Can Urban Forest Settings Evoke Positive Emotion? Evidence on Facial Expressions and Detection of Driving Factors. Sustainability. 2021; 13(16):8687. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13168687
Chicago/Turabian StyleLiu, Ping, Mengnan Liu, Tingting Xia, Yutao Wang, and Hongxu Wei. 2021. "Can Urban Forest Settings Evoke Positive Emotion? Evidence on Facial Expressions and Detection of Driving Factors" Sustainability 13, no. 16: 8687. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13168687