Freezing and Heating Tolerance of Pinus nigra Seedlings from Three South to North Balkan Provenances
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Plant Material
2.2. Frost Hardiness Experiments
2.2.1. Electric Conductivity (EC) Test
2.2.2. Whole-Plant Freeze Testing (WPFT)
2.3. Heat and Drought Tolerance Tests
2.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Frost Hardiness
3.1.1. Measured by EC Test
3.1.2. Measured by WPFT
3.2. Heat and Drought Tolerance
4. Discussion
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Provenance | Grevena (Krania) | Kalamata (Taygetos) | Šargan |
---|---|---|---|
Country | Greece | Greece | Serbia |
Coordinates | 39.951169 N; 21.210922 E | 36.954413 N; 22.264140 E | 43.816944 N; 19.481944 E |
Altitude (m a.s.l.) | 1100 | 1100 | 955 |
Reg. number | - | - | RS-2-2-pni-41a-089 |
Subspecies | pallasiana | pallasiana | nigra |
Climate [18] | |||
Yearly average (°C) | 10.5 | 11.7 | 7.7 |
Yearly average max. (°C) | 15.1 | 16.2 | 12.8 |
Yearly average min. (°C) | 3.7 | 8.3 | 3.9 |
Absolute maximum (°C) | 35.5 (July) | 32.3 (July) | 35.8 (July) |
Mean temperature of warmest month (°C) | 21.2 (July) | 20.5 (August) | 17.5 (August) |
Absolute minimum (°C) | −16.9 (January) | −7.6 (January) | −19.8 (January) |
Mean temperature of coldest month (°C) | 0.7 (January) | 3.2 (January) | −2.0 (January) |
Average number of frost days | 96 | 21 | 116 |
Average number of tropical days | 12 | 6 | 4 |
Annual precipitation (mm) | 1062 | 885.6 | 1017.3 |
RCc | RCF | Ii | |
---|---|---|---|
−5 °C | |||
S | 25.59 (2.47) a | 41.48 (4.55) a | 21.35 (1.88) a |
G | 20.17 (1.77) b | 25.14 (5.63) b | 6.22 (0.71) b |
K | 17.20 (1.72) c | 24.91 (2.06) b | 9.31 (0.94) b |
F | 4.92 | ||
p | 0.0257 | ||
−18 °C | |||
S | 25.59 (2.47) a | 65.31 (2.47) | 53.37 (2.22) |
G | 20.17 (1.77) b | 59.18 (1.78) | 48.87 (2.01) |
K | 17.20 (1.72) c | 62.34 (1.72) | 54.52 (1.69) |
F | 0.26 | ||
p | 0.7756 |
−5 °C | |||||
Level of Factor | D2 | D6 | D9 | D13 | D16 |
S | 9.40 (0.24) | 7.80 (0.37) | 7.20 (0.50) | 7.20 (1.10) | 7.20 (0.49) |
G | 7.40 (1.21) | 6.40 (1.21) | 6.20 (1.11) | 5.80 (1.36) | 5.40 (1.21) |
K | 8.40 (0.68) | 7.20 (0.97) | 7.20 (0.97) | 7.00 (0.58) | 6.80 (1.16) |
Average | 8.40 (0.49) | 7.13 (0.52) | 6.87 (0.49) | 6.67 (0.58) | 6.47 (0.58) |
F | 1.5151 | 0.5827 | 0.4132 | 0.5244 | 0.8816 |
p | 0.2589 | 0.5734 | 0.6706 | 0.6049 | 0.4393 |
−18 °C | |||||
S | 8.80 (0.97) | 6.40 (0.60) a | 3.60 (0.40) | 3.00 (0.45) a | 2.20 (0.37) |
G | 8.80 (0.20) | 4.00 (0.00) b | 3.00 (0.00) | 3.00 (0.00) a | 1.60 (0.24) |
K | 7.60 (0.68) | 4.00 (0.63) b | 2.60 (0.24) | 2.00 (0.00) b | 1.20 (0.20) |
Average | 8.40 (0.40) | 4.80 (0.40) | 3.07 (0.18) | 2.67 (0.19) | 1.67 (0.19) |
F | 1.0000 | 7.5789 | 3.4545 | 5.0000 | 3.1667 |
p | 0.3966 | 0.0074 | 0.0653 | 0.0263 | 0.0786 |
Control | Drought Treatment | Heat and Drought Treatment | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Provenance | Both Provenaces | Grevena | Šargan | Grevena | Šargan |
Days after treatment | |||||
1 | 1 (0.00) | 1 (0.00) | 1 (0.00) | 1 (0.00) | 1 (0.00) |
4 | 1 (0.00) c | 2 (0.97) b | 1.9 (0.72) b | 2.3 (0.88) a | 2.3 (0.99) a |
7 | 1 (0.00) c | 2.8 (0.98) b | 2.9 (0.81) b | 3.3 (0.69) a | 3.4 (0.81) a |
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Ivetić, V.; Tsakaldimi, M.; Ganatsas, P.; Kerkez Janković, I.; Devetaković, J. Freezing and Heating Tolerance of Pinus nigra Seedlings from Three South to North Balkan Provenances. Sustainability 2021, 13, 9290. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13169290
Ivetić V, Tsakaldimi M, Ganatsas P, Kerkez Janković I, Devetaković J. Freezing and Heating Tolerance of Pinus nigra Seedlings from Three South to North Balkan Provenances. Sustainability. 2021; 13(16):9290. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13169290
Chicago/Turabian StyleIvetić, Vladan, Marianthi Tsakaldimi, Petros Ganatsas, Ivona Kerkez Janković, and Jovana Devetaković. 2021. "Freezing and Heating Tolerance of Pinus nigra Seedlings from Three South to North Balkan Provenances" Sustainability 13, no. 16: 9290. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13169290