How Inclusive Is Inclusive? A Critical Analysis of an Agribusiness Initiative in Kenya
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Literature Review on Determinants of Participation
2.1. Company Choice
2.2. Farmer Choice
3. Materials and Methods
3.1. The Studied Initiative
3.2. Methods
3.2.1. Case Selection
3.2.2. Data Collection and Analysis
4. Results
4.1. Company Choice
4.2. Farmers Choice
4.3. Biases
5. Discussion
6. Conclusions
Possibilities for Action and Future Research
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Company’s Selection Criteria | Ecocert | Rainforest Alliance |
---|---|---|
Prior use of inorganic fertilizers over the past three years | 1 | 2 |
Compost manure application through cow dung heaping <3 months | 1 | 2 |
Lack of landownership | 1 | |
Partial organic production on cascading farmland | 1 | |
On-farm charcoal burning | 1 | |
Buffer zone to conventional farms <15 m to conventional farmland | 1 | - |
Unsuitable bio-physical farm conditions | - | - |
Land availability <1 acre | - | - |
Access to roads | - | - |
Proximity to the processing plant for organic moringa leaf powder | - | - |
Farm Attributes | Disregarded Households (%) |
---|---|
Prior use of chemical fertilizers during the last three years | 46 |
Partial organic production on cascading farmland | 30 |
Land availability <1 acre | 20 |
Compost manure application through cow dung heaping <3 months | 13 |
Lack of land ownership | 13 |
Unsuitable bio-physical farm conditions | 7 |
On-farm charcoal burning | 0 |
Buffer zone to conventional farmland <15 m | 0 |
Lack of accessibility | 0 |
Proximity to the processing plant for organic moringa powder | 0 |
Contract Attribute | Proportions of Farmers for Whom the Feature Was: | |
---|---|---|
Decisive | Desirable | |
Harvesting arrangement: Provision of harvesting service by company | 100% | 100% |
Market access: Guaranteed access to international markets | 100% | 100% |
Input arrangement: Certified seed supply by the company | 100% | 100% |
Technical assistance: Provided by the company | 80% | 100% |
Transportation: Pick up at farm gate | 80% | 80% |
Contract form: Written | 80% | 70% |
Mode of payment: Fixed price | 30% | 40% |
Contract duration: 10 years | 0% | 30% |
Compliance with the organic farming standard * | 5% | 30% |
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Schelle, C.; Pokorny, B. How Inclusive Is Inclusive? A Critical Analysis of an Agribusiness Initiative in Kenya. Sustainability 2021, 13, 10937. https://doi.org/10.3390/su131910937
Schelle C, Pokorny B. How Inclusive Is Inclusive? A Critical Analysis of an Agribusiness Initiative in Kenya. Sustainability. 2021; 13(19):10937. https://doi.org/10.3390/su131910937
Chicago/Turabian StyleSchelle, Celina, and Benno Pokorny. 2021. "How Inclusive Is Inclusive? A Critical Analysis of an Agribusiness Initiative in Kenya" Sustainability 13, no. 19: 10937. https://doi.org/10.3390/su131910937