Plant Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria as a Green Alternative for Sustainable Agriculture
Abstract
:Highlights
- PGPR offer an eco-friendly and green alternative to synthetic agrochemicals and conventional agricultural practices.
- PGPR accomplish sustainable agriculture by boosting growth and stress tolerance in plants.
- PGPR inhabit in the rhizosphere of soil and exhibit positive interaction with plant roots.
- PGPR have the potential to curb the adverse effects of various stresses.
1. Introduction
2. Mechanism of Action
2.1. Direct Plant Growth Promotion
2.1.1. Biological Nitrogen Fixation
2.1.2. Phosphate Solubilization
2.1.3. Siderophore Production
2.1.4. Phytohormone Production
2.2. Indirect Mechanisms
2.2.1. Non-Volatile Biocidals (Antibiotics and Fungicidals)
2.2.2. Volatiles Biocidal
2.2.3. Hydrolytic Enzymes
2.2.4. Induced Systemic Resistance
2.2.5. Stress Tolerance
2.2.6. Osmoprotectants
2.2.7. Ion Homeostasis
2.2.8. Antioxidant Enzymes
3. PGPR as a Sink for ACC Deaminase Enzyme
4. PGPR and Disease Suppression
5. PGPR and Quorum Quenching System
6. PGPR Mitigating Stress in Plants
7. PGPR Impact on Plant Gene Expression
8. Triggers for PGPR Colonization
9. Molecular Mechanisms of PGPR
10. Genetically Engineered PGPR Strains
11. Impact of Environmental Changes on Growth and Development of Microorganism
12. Future Perspectives and Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
References
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PGPR Mechanism | Microorganism | References |
---|---|---|
Nitrogen fixation | Bacillus, Rhizobium, Azotobacter, Azospirillum, Frankia, Gluconacetobacter, Burkholderia, Azorhizobium, Beijerinckia, Cyanobacteria | [21,38,44,45] |
Phosphate solubilzation | Arthrobacter, Burkholderia, Enterobacter, Microbacterium Pseudomonas, Bacillus, Erwinia, Rhizobium, Mesorhizobium, Flavobacterium, Rhodococcus, Serratia | [46,47] |
Siderophore production | Pseudomonas, Bacillus, Rhizobium, Azotobactor, Enterobacter, Serratia | [48] |
Phytohormone production | Rhizobium, Bradyrhizobium, Mesorhizobium, Bacillus, Pantoea, Arthrobacter Pseudomonas, Enterobacter, Burkholderia, Agrobacterium, Xanthomonas, Azospirillum, | [49,50] |
Antibiotic production | Bacillus species, Pseudomonas species, Burkholderia, Brevibacterium, Streptomyces | [51,52] |
Volatile metabolite production | Pseudomonas, Bacillus, Burkholderia, Agrobacterium, Paenibacillus polymyxa, Xanthomonas | [53] |
Lytic enzyme production | Bacillus, Pseudomonas species | [54] |
Induced systemic resistance | Pseudomonas, Bacillus, Serratia, Azospirillum, Trichoderma | [55] |
Stress tolerance | Pseudomonas, Bacillus, Pantoea, Burkholderia, Rhizobium | [36,56] |
Biocontrol agents | Pseudomonas, Bacillus, Trichoderma | [57,58] |
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Chandran, H.; Meena, M.; Swapnil, P. Plant Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria as a Green Alternative for Sustainable Agriculture. Sustainability 2021, 13, 10986. https://doi.org/10.3390/su131910986
Chandran H, Meena M, Swapnil P. Plant Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria as a Green Alternative for Sustainable Agriculture. Sustainability. 2021; 13(19):10986. https://doi.org/10.3390/su131910986
Chicago/Turabian StyleChandran, Hema, Mukesh Meena, and Prashant Swapnil. 2021. "Plant Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria as a Green Alternative for Sustainable Agriculture" Sustainability 13, no. 19: 10986. https://doi.org/10.3390/su131910986