Spatio-Temporal Clustering of Sarawak Malaysia Total Protected Area Visitors
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Literature Review
3. Materials and Methods
3.1. Study Area and Description
3.2. Spatial and Temporal Analysis
3.3. Euclidean Distance
3.4. Ward Hierarchical Linkage Clustering
4. Results
4.1. Descriptive Analysis
4.2. Spatial and Temporal Analysis of Local and Foreign Visitors by Park in Sarawak
4.3. Clustering Analysis of Local and Foreign Visitors of TPAS in Sarawak
5. Discussion
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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No | Totally Protected Area (TPAS) | Size (km2) | Distance (km) to Nearest City | Year of Gazetted | Local Visitors 2019 | Local Visitors/km2 | Foreign Visitors 2019 | Foreign Visitors/km2 | Latitude ‘N | Longitude ‘E |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1. | Bako National Park | 27.27 | 23.2 | 1957 | 19,941 | 731.24 | 40,406 | 1481.70 | 1.7167 | 110.4667 |
2. | Batang Ai National Park | 240.40 | 54.0 | 1991 | 31 | 0.13 | 50 | 0.21 | 1.1472 | 111.8743 |
3. | Fairy Cave Nature Reserve | 0.56 | 42.3 | 2013 | - | - | - | - | 1.3818 | 110.1172 |
4. | Gunung Gading National Park | 54.30 | 85.2 | 1983 | 9755 | 179.65 | 4164 | 76.69 | 1.6906 | 109.8458 |
5. | Gunung Mulu National Park | 857.71 | 106.0 | 1974 | 5976 | 6.97 | 15,046 | 17.54 | 4.0921 | 114.8958 |
6.. | Kubah National Park | 22.30 | 23.3 | 1989 | 10,833 | 485.78 | 5143 | 230.63 | 1.6128 | 110.1969 |
7. | Lambir Hills National Park | 69.49 | 32.3 | 1975 | 10,479 | 150.80 | 2679 | 38.55 | 4.1984 | 114.0429 |
8. | Loagan Bunut National Park | 107.36 | 117.0 | 1991 | 462 | 4.30 | 47 | 0.44 | 3.7775 | 114.2272 |
9. | Maludam National Park | 535.68 | 48.00 | 2000 | 20 | 0.04 | 8 | 0.01 | 1.5271 | 111.1414 |
10. | Matang Wildlife Centre | 1.80 | 33.2 | 1997 | 25,463 | 14,146.11 | 4909 | 2727.22 | 1.6094 | 110.1602 |
11. | Niah National Park | 31.38 | 90.0 | 1975 | 19,319 | 615.65 | 5188 | 165.33 | 3.8014 | 113.7841 |
12. | Sama Jaya Nature Reserve | 0.379 | 8.4 | 2000 | 118,434 | 312,490.77 | 2176 | 5741.42 | 1.5197 | 110.3890 |
13. | Santubong National Park | 16.41 | 35.3 | 2007 | 15,508 | 945.03 | 3789 | 230.90 | 1.7333 | 110.3333 |
14. | Semenggoh Nature Reserve | 6.53 | 22.0 | 2000 | 46,305 | 7091.12 | 49,691 | 7609.65 | 1.4017 | 110.3145 |
15. | Similajau National Park | 89.96 | 28.8 | 1978 | 12,376 | 137.57 | 1141 | 12.68 | 3.3483 | 113.1564 |
16. | Talang Satang National Park | 194.14 | 33.6 | 1999 | 87 | 0.45 | 669 | 3.45 | 1.7843 | 110.1643 |
17. | Tanjung Datu National Park | 13.79 | 140.0 | 1994 | 922 | 66.86 | 795 | 57.65 | 2.0554 | 109.6422 |
18. | Wind Cave Nature Reserve | 0.0616 | 37.6 | 1999 | 11,690 | 189,772.73 | 4152 | 67,402.60 | 43.6046 | 103.4213 |
Variables | Measurement Unit | Variables |
---|---|---|
Name of the Park | Name | Name of the Park |
Number of visitors | Count | Number of visitors |
Latitude | °N | Latitude |
Longitude | °E | Longitude |
No | National Park 1 | 2015 1 | 2018 1 | 2019 1 | 1 Year Growth (%) (2018–2019) | 5 Years Growth (%) (2015–2019) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1. | Bako National Park | 28,211 | 40,382 | 40,406 | 0.06 | 43.23 |
2. | Batang Ai National Park | 24 | 33 | 50 | 51.52 | 108.33 |
3. | Fairy Cave Nature Reserves | 5081 | 7118 | Under renovation | - | - |
4. | Gunung Gading National Park | 2082 | 3491 | 3164 | −9.37 | 51.97 |
5. | Gunung Mulu National Park | 12,843 | 15,850 | 15,046 | −5.07 | 17.15 |
6. | Kubah National Park | 3163 | 4873 | 5143 | 5.54 | 62.60 |
7. | Lambir Hills National Park | 3401 | 2450 | 2679 | 9.35 | −21.23 |
8. | Loagan Bunut National Park | 51 | 42 | 47 | 11.90 | −7.84 |
9. | Maludam National Park | 6 | 2 | 8 | 300 | 33.33 |
10. | Matang Wildlife Centre | 3690 | 4434 | 4909 | 10.71 | 33.04 |
11. | Niah National Park | 5189 | 6210 | 5188 | −16.46 | −0.02 |
12. | Sama Jaya Nature Reserves | 3941 | 2492 | 2176 | −12.68 | −44.79 |
13. | Santubong National Park | 2017 | 3828 | 3789 | −1.02 | 87.85 |
14. | Semenggoh Nature Reserve | 30,335 | 43,255 | 49,691 | 14.88 | 63.81 |
15. | Similajau National Park | 2676 | 1823 | 1141 | −37.41 | −57.36 |
16. | Talang Satang National Park | 963 | 514 | 669 | 30.16 | −30.53 |
17. | Tanjung Datu National Park | 477 | 599 | 795 | 32.72 | 66.67 |
18. | Wind Cave Nature Reserves | 3761 | 5150 | 4152 | −19.38 | 10.40 |
Total | 107,911 | 142,996 | 139,053 |
No | National Park 1 | 2015 1 | 2018 1 | 2019 1 | 1 Year Growth (%) (2018–2019) | 5 Years Growth (%) (2015–2019) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1. | Bako National Park | 17,896 | 22,964 | 19,941 | −13.16 | 11.43 |
2. | Batang Ai National Park | 50 | 10 | 31 | 67.74 | −38.00 |
3. | Fairy Cave Nature Reserves | 20,146 | 17,729 | - | - | - |
4. | Gunung Gading National Park | 16,185 | 15,707 | 9755 | −37.89 | −39.73 |
5. | Gunung Mulu National Park | 5780 | 5815 | 5976 | 2.77 | 3.39 |
6.. | Kubah National Park | 11,727 | 14,011 | 10,833 | −22.68 | −7.62 |
7. | Lambir Hills National Park | 12,902 | 9360 | 10,479 | 11.96 | −18.78 |
8. | Loagan Bunut National Park | 1048 | 382 | 462 | 20.94 | −55.92 |
9. | Maludam National Park | - | 50 | 20 | −60.00 | - |
10. | Matang Wildlife Centre | 33,162 | 32,438 | 25,463 | −21.50 | −23.22 |
11. | Niah National Park | 21,866 | 20,226 | 19,319 | −4.48 | −11.65 |
12. | Sama Jaya Nature Reserves | 169,756 | 162,747 | 118,434 | −27.23 | −30.23 |
13. | Santubong National Park | 8074 | 22,216 | 15,508 | −30.19 | 92.07 |
14. | Semenggoh Nature Reserve | 46,304 | 45,983 | 46,305 | 0.70 | 0.00 |
15. | Similajau National Park | 23,509 | 9652 | 12,736 | 31.95 | −45.83 |
16. | Talang Satang National Park | 266 | 189 | 87 | −53.97 | −67.29 |
17. | Tanjung Datu National Park | 536 | 963 | 922 | −4.26 | 72.01 |
18. | Wind Cave Nature Reserves | 23,911 | 18,193 | 11,690 | −35.74 | −51.11 |
Total | 413,118 | 398,635 | 307,961 |
Very High Visitors | High Visitors | Medium Visitors | Low Visitors |
---|---|---|---|
Sama Jaya | Semenggoh | Matang Bako Niah Similajau Fairy Cave Santubong Wind Cave Kubah Gunung Gading Lambir Hills | Gunung Mulu Talang Satang Batang Ai Maludam Loagan Bunut Tanjung Datu |
Very High Visitors | High Visitors | Medium Visitors | Least Visitors |
---|---|---|---|
Bako Semenggoh | Gunung Mulu | Similajau Lambir Hills Sama Jaya Gunung Gading Kubah Santubong Fairy Cave Niah Matang Wind Cave | Loagan Bunut Batang Ai Maludam Talang Satang Tanjung Datu |
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Abang Abdurahman, A.Z.; Md Nasir, S.A.; Wan Yaacob, W.F.; Jaya, S.; Mokhtar, S. Spatio-Temporal Clustering of Sarawak Malaysia Total Protected Area Visitors. Sustainability 2021, 13, 11618. https://doi.org/10.3390/su132111618
Abang Abdurahman AZ, Md Nasir SA, Wan Yaacob WF, Jaya S, Mokhtar S. Spatio-Temporal Clustering of Sarawak Malaysia Total Protected Area Visitors. Sustainability. 2021; 13(21):11618. https://doi.org/10.3390/su132111618
Chicago/Turabian StyleAbang Abdurahman, Abang Zainoren, Syerina Azlin Md Nasir, Wan Fairos Wan Yaacob, Serah Jaya, and Suhaili Mokhtar. 2021. "Spatio-Temporal Clustering of Sarawak Malaysia Total Protected Area Visitors" Sustainability 13, no. 21: 11618. https://doi.org/10.3390/su132111618