Reliability Evaluation of Lithium-Ion Batteries for E-Mobility Applications from Practical and Technical Perspectives: A Case Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
- reliability indicators and their connection with degradation modes, degradation mechanisms, and degradation conditions need to be taken into consideration;
- multi-degradation conditions (different temperatures and C-rates) of the Li-ion batteries need to be investigated as to their effect on the reliability indicators;
- the reliability of the Li-ion battery in terms of the time and frequency domains need to be considered;
- degradation conditions and their comparison from the reliability standpoint should be investigated.
- Investigating the concept of the reliability of Li-ion batteries;
- A comprehensive investigation of the degradation of Li-ion batteries in normal operation;
- The contribution of CF, PF, and open-circuit voltage to Li-ion batteries’ reliability;
- The role of the reliability indicators in the performance of Li-ion batteries.
2. Li-Ion Battery Technologies
2.1. The Components of Li-Ion Batteries
2.2. The Physical Implementation of Li-Ion Batteries
2.3. Definitions Regarding Li-Ion Batteries
2.3.1. Voltage and Capacity
2.3.2. State of Charge and Depth of Discharge
2.3.3. C-Rate
2.3.4. Internal Resistance
2.3.5. Energy and Power
3. Degradation in a Li-Ion Battery; Its Causes and Outcomes
- High temperature;
- Low temperature;
- High discharge current;
- High charge current;
- Over-charge (high SoC);
- Over-discharge (Low SoC).
- Low/high temperature [5,36]: At low temperatures, the diffusion rate of lithium ions into graphite during the charging process becomes slow, and Li metal deposition on the surface of the negative electrode can take place with the risk of dendrite formation. This mechanism increases internal resistance and lithium plating (which can ultimately result in a short circuit between the electrodes). High temperatures accelerate the growth rate of the SEI layer on the anode, resulting in accelerated rates of LLI and an increase in the overall cell resistance.
- Over-charge/discharge [37,38]: During overcharging, active lithium is not available on the cathode side and there is no more room for lithium from the anode side. This increases the chance of lithium plating creation and internal heat generation (over-heating). Over-discharging increases the internal heat generation, and the anode potential enhances unusually which can lead to the anodic dissolution of the current collector from the anode side.
- High C-rate charge and discharge [39,40]: High charge and discharge currents lead to the same degradation reactions as over-discharge and over-charge. Moreover, high currents also increase the internal temperature and result in metallic lithium plating of the anode due to its limited ability to accept Li-ions at high rates.
4. Reliability Appraisement for the Li-Ion Batteries
4.1. Definitions Regarding Li-Ion Batteries
4.1.1. Fault Tree Analysis (FTA)
4.1.2. Failure Mode and Effects Analysis (FMEA)
4.1.3. Quantitative Analysis: Time-Domain
4.2. Reliability Indicators
4.2.1. Capacity Fade
4.2.2. Power Fade
4.3. Control Strategies for Li-Ion Batteries to Improve Their Reliability
4.3.1. Data Acquisition and Fault Detection
4.3.2. Control Strategies and State Estimation
5. Case Study and Experimental Results
5.1. CF and SoH at Different Temperatures and under Charge–Discharge Standard Test Protocols
5.2. Capacity Fade and SoH under Different Charge–Discharge Test Protocols
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Name | Cylindrical | Prismatic | Pouch |
---|---|---|---|
Shape | | | |
Arrangement of electrode | Wound | Wound | Wound |
Mechanical stability | Best | Good | Bad |
Heat management | Bad | Good | Good |
Specific energy | Good | Good | Best |
Energy density | Good | Best | Good |
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Gandoman, F.H.; Ahmed, E.M.; Ali, Z.M.; Berecibar, M.; Zobaa, A.F.; Abdel Aleem, S.H.E. Reliability Evaluation of Lithium-Ion Batteries for E-Mobility Applications from Practical and Technical Perspectives: A Case Study. Sustainability 2021, 13, 11688. https://doi.org/10.3390/su132111688
Gandoman FH, Ahmed EM, Ali ZM, Berecibar M, Zobaa AF, Abdel Aleem SHE. Reliability Evaluation of Lithium-Ion Batteries for E-Mobility Applications from Practical and Technical Perspectives: A Case Study. Sustainability. 2021; 13(21):11688. https://doi.org/10.3390/su132111688
Chicago/Turabian StyleGandoman, Foad H., Emad M. Ahmed, Ziad M. Ali, Maitane Berecibar, Ahmed F. Zobaa, and Shady H. E. Abdel Aleem. 2021. "Reliability Evaluation of Lithium-Ion Batteries for E-Mobility Applications from Practical and Technical Perspectives: A Case Study" Sustainability 13, no. 21: 11688. https://doi.org/10.3390/su132111688