Suburban Residents’ Preferences for Livable Residential Area in Finland

Abstract

This paper analyzed Finnish suburban residents’ preferences (including their perception of wood as a building material) for livable residential areas through a survey questionnaire. The 243 responses received highlighted the following: residents were generally satisfied with the general condition of their residence; the majority supported life in one- to two-story buildings and a low-density residential environment; living in the center was found more attractive by most; the most popular facade material was wood; considerations regarding the immediate environment, e.g., proximity to nature and child-friendly areas in the immediate vicinity, were evaluated as important parameters; participants’ attitudes towards the use of wood in construction were generally very positive; residents generally considered wooden buildings more beautiful, more environmentally friendly/ecological, and as having a healthier indoor climate than buildings made of non-wood materials; and fire safety and cost-competitiveness were issues of skepticism. It is believed that this study will provide insights to key stakeholders, e.g., architects, developers, policymakers, to better meet the needs of suburban apartment-dwellers.

1. Introduction

Finnish suburban housing estates (lähiö) (Figure 1) are reinforced concrete-framed buildings that were constructed mostly in the 1960s and 1970s to accommodate large-scale migration from rural areas to cities, with a long history as symbols of urban rootlessness, social issues, and the failed integration of immigrants [1,2]. Due to these projects, overcrowding in the central city was alleviated, although large Finnish cities continued to attract rural migrants. For example, from the early 1960s to late 1980, the population of central Helsinki fell by about 40 percent, while the population of Helsinki suburbs increased by more than 65 percent [3]. Additionally, in the mid-1960s, a major paradigm shift occurred in suburban planning, and forest suburbs close to nature gave way to a compact city model in a square block and street layout [4]. Today, more than one million Finns, a fifth of the total population, live in these hundreds of suburban properties [5].

Since the peak of their construction in Finland in the 1970s, Finnish suburbs have often been seen in a negative light and have had a worse reputation than any other residential area in Finland [6,7], much like in other similar areas in Western Europe [8,9,10]. Moreover, such areas began to be perceived negatively shortly after they were built [11,12]. In addition to the identified social problems [13], Finland’s suburban apartments have also faced fundamental technical problems, such as poor technical conditions, low energy efficiency, lack of balconies, and unpleasant appearance [14].

There are many projects and programs supported by the Finnish government [15,16] to eliminate the above-mentioned problems and provide comprehensive development for suburban areas in Finland, such as The City of Helsinki’s Suburb Programme [17]. The main aim of these programs is to provide positive, long-term development that facilitates the well-being of residents, the vitality of spaces, and the functionality and attractiveness of the residential environment for all types of residents.

At this point, identifying people’s preferences and expectations plays a critical role in realizing these projects and thus developing user-oriented sustainable strategies [18,19]. However, in housing studies, understanding of the perceptions and preferences of multiple actors, including residents, is often lacking [20,21,22,23]. Although issues related to (livable) suburban housing have been on the agenda for a long time in Finland, there is little research-based understanding of such areas and their development over the past few decades [24]. Among these studies, in the Finnish context, Karjalainen [25,26], while examining suburban residents’ attitudes towards multi-storey wooden apartments, presented some important results of residents’ preferences, such as current residence and type of building to be moved into—see Section 4.

Furthermore, worth mentioning here, although livability is a popular term used to express the quality of urban environments considering the needs and expectations/preferences or residents’ satisfaction with living in a city/suburb [27], there is no consensus on how to describe livability and its main elements [28,29,30,31]. Based on comprehensive literature reviews (e.g., [28,30,32]), the most common definitions seem to share natural and built elements, and refer to how these connect to individuals. On the other hand, residential preferences are made up of a complex set of factors, such as price level, size, duration of use, accessibility to amenities such as nature and transportation, as well as social interaction with friends and family [33]. In addition, since these preferences may be different for each individual and may change over time, it is believed that making comparisons in similar contexts in the same country or region will yield more consistent and accurate results (e.g., [34]).

As the model of livable Nordic countries is based on the values of environment, equality, openness, and efficiency, the initiative should contribute to the dissemination of Scandinavian approaches to good and sustainable urban development worldwide [35]. In this sense, Scandinavian sustainable cities directly link to the United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goals [36], including making cities inclusive, safe, resilient, and sustainable; ensuring healthy lives and promoting well-being; guaranteeing access to water and sanitation; and taking urgent action to combat climate change and its effects. In addition, among the Nordic countries, in terms of a livable residential environments, Finland takes the lead in some issues, such as taking proximity to the forest as an important design input when planning housing development or declaring broadband access in residential areas as a legal right for every citizen, within the scope of implementing intelligent technologies in the smart city concept [37].

In the literature, there have been several studies of urban livability and housing preferences in the last decade (e.g., [27,31,33,38,39,40,41,42,43,44,45,46,47,48]), but suburban residents’ preferences for livable residential areas (including the role of the use of wood as a building material in this sense) have not been extensively studied in the Finnish context before. This study aimed to fill this knowledge gap and address, from a multidimensional perspective, Finnish suburban residents’ preferences for a livable housing environment and its relationship to the use of wood as a building material.

It is worth mentioning here that as a large-scale public project managed by the Finnish Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, the possibilities for using wood have been expanded to include repairs and expansions of suburban concrete buildings [16]. The abovementioned dimensions include the main factors behind residential satisfaction with the current residence, willingness to move, preferred number of floors, preferred density and location of the building on the plot, preferred facade material, preferred features in the residential environment, perception of wood as a building material, perception of the ecological features of the use of wood, and finally, feedback to the developers and wooden apartment designers.

Overall, this research aimed to provide a representative analysis of Finnish suburban residents’ preferences for a livable residential environment and its relationship to the use of wood as a building material. In doing so, this study sought to identify the main parameters behind the residential satisfaction with the current residence, willingness to move, preferred number of floors, preferred density and location of the building on the plot, preferred facade material, preferred features in the residential environment, perception of wood as a building material, and perception of the ecological features of the use of wood.

From the point of view of Finland’s urban and housing policy, suburban housing estates seem to pose a significant challenge in the coming years [24]. It is believed that the results will provide insights for many public and private stakeholders to renovate and design suburban apartments, to better meet the needs of various types of residents, and to enhance the attractiveness of these buildings in Finland, as well as other countries.

The remainder of this research is organized as follows: First, an explanation of the research method used in the study is given. This is followed by the results of the main highlights of the survey questionnaire. In Section 4, the discussion part is provided. Finally, the results are presented.

2. Research Method

This research was carried out through a project-based survey questionnaire called “The Wood at Visibility at the Tampere University”, which is part of the Growth and Development from Wood Support Program run by the Finnish Ministry of the Environment. The survey (see Appendix A) was conducted with a combination of mail and online survey questionnaires. Responses were handled anonymously, and no personally identifiable data were collected or used during the analysis phase.

The main population of the material was 800 Finnish-speaking people aged 18–69 in the postcode 00720, or the Pukinmäki–Savela area (Figure 2); this area was chosen because it represents a typical Finnish suburban district in terms of building stock and density, and is suitable for suburban development research on this basis. Pukinmäki is a district in the northeastern part of Helsinki. The area was annexed to Helsinki in 1946 and the first few blocks of flats were built in the 1960s. Most of the flats are from the 1970s and 1980s. On the other hand, Savela (Figure 3) is a residential area in the Pukinmäki district. In the 1960s and early 1970s, Savela was threatened by the zoning and detachment of detached house parcels in the city as partly green space. However, over time, the area transformed from a detached area to an apartment area, with mostly low-rise apartments built in the 1980s and 1990s.

The sample, namely, 800 Finnish-speaking people aged 18–69 in the area with the permanent address of the region according to the population information system, was chosen randomly. The survey data largely represented the population of the selected area, but there were also minor differences in representation among background variables such as gender and age. In terms of gender, 54% and 57% were female, 46% and 43% were male in the whole population and sample, respectively. In terms of age groups, the older population was slightly overrepresented, while younger respondents were slightly underrepresented; in the whole population and sample, 20% and 30% were aged 60–69, and 25% and 15% were aged 18–29, respectively. As regards education level, high school and university graduates constituted 73% of the entire population; this rate was 90% in the sample group. On the other hand, landlord-ownership was more represented in the sample than those living in rental housing; the ratios of owner-occupied dwellings and flats with tenants in the whole population and sample were 46% and 52% (and 2% other), and 62% and 38%, respectively.

Online surveys started on 18 May 2020. The first response came on 25 May; accordingly, it can be assumed that postal forms reached residents on the same day. As regards the forms for the first mail submission, the return date was 1 June, with only a week left for residents to respond. Initially, 149 responses were received to the questionnaire. Responses were distributed with 110 responses on paper forms and 39 responses to an online questionnaire. Reminder-round questionnaires were delivered to the post office on June 10. The actual deadline for response was abandoned, and instead, respondents were asked to return a completed questionnaire one week after it arrived. This was to avoid the impact of mail delay on the response time. Paper surveys for the reminder round reached residents on 15 June, based on online survey responses. During the reminder round, 94 new responses arrived, 67 on paper and 27 online. A total of 243 responses were received for the entire survey, corresponding to a response rate of 30%.

The survey concentrating on suburban residents’ preferences was divided into 9 parts (Figure 4). In the first part, Part A—residential satisfaction with the current residence, respondents were asked to rate the residential area and the quality and price/rent level of the residence. A Likert-type scale (from 1 (very dissatisfied) to 5 (very satisfied)) was used, along with “I cannot say”. In Part B—willingness to move, the surveyed residents were asked whether they planned to move from their current residential area, considering their background information such as age, level of education and family type, with “Yes”, “I cannot say”, and “No” options. In Part C—preferred number of floors, participants were asked about the floor number limits (e.g., 1–2, 5–6-storey) of the buildings they would prefer in the area they live in, providing “I cannot say” and “It does not matter” options. In this part, the effect of the building type inhabited on the number of floors preference was also assessed. In Part D—preferred density and location of the building on the plot, participants were asked about their preferences regarding the density (e.g., closely, loosely) and location of the building on the plot (e.g., close to the street, in the center) they would like to live in, offering “I cannot say” and “It does not matter” options. In Part E—preferred facade material, residents participating in the survey were asked about their preferences regarding facade material (e.g., wood, brick, stone) of the building they would like to live in. In Part F—preferred features in the residential environment, participants were asked to report their preferences regarding the environmental characteristics (e.g., child-friendliness, closeness to nature) of the area they would live in as free comments. In Part G—perception of wood as a building material, respondents were asked to express their opinions on the statements presented (e.g., its suitability for buildings, its fire safety) about wood as a building material. Here, a Likert-type scale (from 1 (completely disagree) to 5 (completely agree)) was used along with “I cannot say”. In Part H—perception of ecological qualities of the use of wood, surveyed residents were asked to comment on the ecological dimension of wood use. A Likert-type scale (from 1 (non-ecological) to 5 (ecological)) was used along with “I cannot say”. Finally, in Part, I—feedback, respondents were asked to give feedback to the developers and wooden apartment designers.

3. Results

3.1. Background Information

In the survey, the participants (57%) were mostly females. More than 30% of the respondents were relatively old, i.e., over 60 years old, while more than half (55%) of the respondents were between 30 and 60 years old. In terms of education level, most of the residents (55%) were highly educated or university graduates, while only 10% were primary school graduates. Regarding household size, almost half (46%) of the surveyed residential communities contained at least two adult households. About a third (32%) of respondents were single, and the remaining 22% were families with children. By type of homeownership, of those surveyed, 62% lived in owner-occupied dwellings, and 38% were rented.

3.2. Residential Satisfaction with the Current Residence

The surveyed people were generally satisfied with the overall condition of their residence (the total occurrence of “very satisfied” and “satisfied” options) (82%), with a negligible minority of respondents being dissatisfied (2%), while “neutral” had a 16% occurrence—see Figure 5. Among the criteria presented, they were most satisfied with their residential area (90%), followed by the quality of the residence (79%), and price/rental level (73%).

Additionally, based on the open answers (228 responses) in this part of the survey, the most important parameters influencing current residency decisions are listed below: (1) transportation links (104 mentions/46%); (2) price and rental level (55 mentions/24%); (3) location (46 mentions/20%); (4) nature or closeness to nature (38 mentions/17%); (5) tranquility or comfort of the area (31 mentions/14%); (6) familiarity of the area (27 mentions/12%); (7) suitability of apartment or size or floor plan (26 mentions/11%); (8) family reasons or relatives in the area (25 mentions/11%); and (9) good services nearby (20 mentions/9%)

3.3. Willingness to Move

As seen in Figure 6, less than a third (31%) of the respondents planned to move from the area, while half (51%) did not plan to move. Particularly between different age groups, there were differences in participants’ willingness to act. Of those under the age of 30, 44% planned to move and only a quarter did not plan to move from existing residential areas. Moving towards older age groups, the desire to move decreased steadily, and only one-fifth of those over 60 planned to move. Long-term residents over the age of 60 were most satisfied with their residential area, with only a fifth of them planning to leave the area.

Education level and homeownership may explain the willingness to move. University graduates were more willing to leave the area than others. Those who own a detached house or apartment showed a slightly lower reluctance to move than a resident with a rental flat, certainly due to the property owners’ greater commitment to the area. Moreover, the changing living conditions of families with children and the change in the need for space may have created a greater desire to move compared to other family types. This category includes families with children, who are in very different situations, in the survey. For some families, the need for more space increases as the family grows, while in others it decreases as the children move on their own.

On the other hand, based on the open answers (82 responses) in this part of the survey, the most important reasons for and targets of the desire to move were: (1) internal migration in the Helsinki metropolitan area (17 mentions/21%); (2) the size of the apartment is too small (10 mentions/12%); (3) out of the metropolitan area or into the countryside (7 mentions/9%); (4) into the center of Helsinki for a quieter area (6 mentions/7%); and (5) family reasons/desire to live closer to family members (4 mentions/5%).

3.4. Preferred Number of Floors

Most of the residents (43%) surveyed preferred a 1–2-storey building to live in and as the number of floors increased, the preference rate decreased, as seen in Figure 7. Interestingly, however, more than a quarter of the respondents stated that the number of floors is not a criterion in choosing the building to be inhabited.

Figure 8 shows the residents’ attitude towards the number of floors by building type inhabited. While those living in small houses preferred to live in buildings with 1–2-storeys by a wide margin, this rate decreased significantly among those living in apartments. This may be an indication of the influence of habits on preferences. On the other hand, while approximately one-third of the apartment residents thought that the number of floors is unimportant for the comfort of the residential area, this preference represented the minority for those living in small houses.

3.5. Preferred Density and Location of the Building on the Plot

As shown in Figure 9, the vast majority of the participants (84%) preferred low-density housing, while a negligible minority supported a high-density living environment. This may be an indication that quiet and secluded suburban living was widely accepted among surveyed residents.

According to the survey result, while nearly half of the respondents (>45%) thought that living in the center was more attractive, nearly one-third of them (>30%) stated that it was not important where the residence was located on the plot—see Figure 10. A small part of the participants (14%) preferred living close to the street.

3.6. Preferred Facade Material

Figure 11 highlights the most popular facade materials reported by the respondents, in the following order of importance: (1) wood (44%); (2) other (10%); (3) brick (7%); and (4) plastering (3%). A quarter of participants reported that facade materials are not important to their residential satisfaction.

3.7. Preferred Features in the Residential Environment

Based on the open answers, the participants considered a calm environment intertwined with nature, and greenery, as important factors when choosing a residential area, regardless of the building stock. In addition, the importance of good services nearby, child-friendly areas in the immediate vicinity, the proximity of water bodies, the preservation of old woods, the quality of courtyard environment, the tranquility of the residential area, and the sense of security, were emphasized.

Moreover, according to survey respondents: (a) suburban designers should pay more attention to the development of yard areas, plantations, and park areas; (b) the yards in particular should be comfortable, green and suitable for leisure use and playgrounds for children; (c) park walkways should be naturally designed for the shortest route; (d) investing in child-friendly development in suburban development significantly increases the attractiveness of a residential area.

3.8. Perception of Wood as a Building Material

Figure 12 highlights that participants’ attitudes towards the use of wood in construction were generally very positive (93%), and background variables did not significantly affect attitudes. While all the people living in a wooden building thought of it positively, 8% of the people living in a partially wooden building had a partially negative perception of it. This was because they had had bad experiences with the combination of wood and other materials.

The surveyed residents generally supported that more wooden buildings should be constructed in Finland (the total occurrence of “completely agree” and “partially agree” options, 82%) and disagreement with this statement held a negligible minority in the responses (>3%), while “neutral” had a 13% occurrence—see Figure 13. About one-third of the respondents found non-wood materials, e.g., stone and brick, to be more suitable for buildings.

The issue of fire safety was considered the main weakness of wood, as more than half of the respondents at least partially agreed that this was an issue. On the other hand, regarding the cost-competitiveness of wood, the majority (61%) were skeptical, providing “neutral” and “I can’t say” options.

Residents mostly rated wooden buildings as more beautiful than buildings made of other materials (total occurrence of “completely agree” and “partially agree”, 75%). In addition, there was a dominant perception (60%) in residents that wood is generally more environmentally friendly than other building materials, and a similar majority (59%) considered wooden structures to have a healthier indoor climate than buildings made of non-wood materials.

3.9. Perception of the Ecologicality of the Use of Wood

The overwhelming majority (89%) of the respondents rated the use of wood in construction as ecological and somewhat ecological. In addition, respondents justified their responses by highlighting the renewable and ecological nature of wood compared to other building materials, its importance in climate change issues, and its role as a carbon sink, in the free comment section.

Furthermore, based on the open answers (97 responses) on the use and ecology of wood, comments were given in the following order of frequency: (1) I like the look/beautiful material (31 mentions/30%); (2) wood is a renewable resource/ecological (16 mentions/16%); (3) natural/organic/warm/cozy material (13 mentions/13%); (4) there is plenty of wood available in Finland (11 mentions/11%); (5) traditional/domestic building material (10 mentions/10%); (6) wood is a more ecological option than other materials (9 mentions/9%).

3.10. Feedback

Participants were asked to give feedback to the developers and wooden apartment designers. Based on the open answers (110 responses), comments were given in the following order of frequency: (1) areas must not be built too full (15 mentions/14%); (2) I support wood construction (10 mentions/9%); (3) coloring should not be gloomy (8 mentions/7%); (4) keep up the good work with wood (7 mentions/6%); (5) wood construction would improve the appearance of the area (6 mentions/5%).

4. Discussion

When our results are compared with the findings of other studies, there are some similarities, such as residential satisfaction [25,26], and differences, such as fire safety issues [49,50], as detailed below. It is worth noting here that Karjalainen’s surveys of suburban residents of wooden apartments in Finland [25,26,34] are comparable to ours since they include some of the main themes of our study, such as residents’ satisfaction with their current residence, perception of housing, and perception of wood as a building material.

In terms of residential satisfaction with current residence, the surveyed participants were generally satisfied with the overall condition of their residence, including residential area, quality of the residence, and price/rental level. In addition, according to the open answers, the location, proximity to nature, comfort of the area, and the size of the apartment and the floor plan were considered among the most significant parameters affecting the current residence decisions. This resembled the findings of Karjalainen’s surveys [25,26] on residents’ satisfaction with their current residence. In these surveys, the functionality of the apartment unit, the immediate surroundings, and the amount of furniture were reported as critical features that ensure residential satisfaction. Similarly, in a Swedish study on quality of life in wooden multi-family houses by Lindblad [51], location and the size of the apartment unit were assessed as important considerations.

Regarding willingness to move, most of the respondents stated that they do not intend to move from the area they live in. This can be associated with the above-mentioned state of residential satisfaction. On the other hand, our results regarding the preferred number of floors and density can be attributed to the findings of the study by Karjalainen [25]. In his survey, detached and one- or two-storey terraced houses were the most popular types to move into among residents. Similarly, most of the residents surveyed in this study preferred 1–2-storey buildings and low-density residences for living. Additionally, according to the survey results, the majority thought that living in the center is more attractive. This can be explained by the fact that Finnish city centers (e.g., Helsinki City) [52] are within walking distance of many socio-cultural activities and services that fulfil daily needs, such as shopping and healthcare facilities, as are many urban centers in developed countries [53].

Among the facade materials, wood was widely rated as the most preferred material by the surveyed suburban residents. Similarly, Karjalainen [26] identified residents’ desire to have more timber in their apartments, such as in the facades. Our finding can also be identified in Lindblad’s research [51], in which timber as a facade material was of great importance among participants. Additionally, this may be identified in the interview study conducted by Viholainen et al. [50] on Finnish households, where it was suggested to increase the use of wood on the surfaces to create attractive soundscapes.

Participants’ attitudes towards the use of wood in construction were generally very positive, and background variables (e.g., to live or not to live in a wooden apartment) did not significantly affect these attitudes. Similarly, in Karjalainen’s studies [25,26], the interviewees mostly welcomed wooden construction and multi-storey wooden apartment buildings. These findings may be a concrete indication of the positive perception of wood as a building material in the Finnish housing market [54,55,56].

In terms of preferred features in the suburban residential environment, issues regarding the immediate surroundings of the residence, such as closeness to nature, child-friendly areas in the immediate vicinity and proximity of water bodies, were considered as important parameters. These findings point to the important role of the immediate surroundings in residential satisfaction, which was also included in Karjalainen’s research [25].

In the part of the survey on the perception of wood as a building material, while fire safety was seen as a problematic issue, its cost was not found to be competitive compared to other building materials. In this context, our finding on fire safety was similar to the findings of the study of Kylkilahti et al. on Finnish residents [57], the study of Høibø et al. on Norwegian residents [58], Gold and Rubik’s study on German residents [59], and the study of Larasatie et al. on American residents [60], whose respondents were also skeptical about the technical features of wood, such as fire resistance.

Furthermore, there is no literature on resident perceptions of cost-competitiveness, but the opinions of construction professionals (e.g., architects, engineers) support our results (e.g., [61,62,63]). On the other hand, according to Karjalainen’s recent survey [26], suburban residents often took into account technical measures (e.g., fire alarm systems) to improve fire safety, as supported by the findings of Östman et al. [49] and Viholainen et al. [50].

In the above-mentioned, while support was given to the statement that Finnish cities should be built using more wood, wood was generally considered to be more beautiful and more environmentally friendly than other materials. Moreover, wooden structures were mostly reported to have a healthier indoor climate than buildings made of non-wood materials.

On the other hand, in terms of perception of ecologicality, the vast majority emphasized the ecological aspect of the use of wood in construction. Similarly, in the study by Karjalainen [26], participants rated wooden apartment buildings as pleasant and beautiful, ecological/eco-friendly, and having a good indoor climate. Moreover, according to the findings by Lähtinen et al. [54], the Finnish residents surveyed were satisfied with the wood’s health and aesthetic properties.

Finally, the feedback given by the participants to the developers and wooden apartment designers underlines their support for wooden construction. Similar feedback was given to designers and developers of multi-storey timber apartments in Karjalainen’s research [34].

5. Conclusions

This research aimed to provide a representative analysis of Finnish suburban residents’ preference for a livable housing environment and its relationship to the use of wood as a building material. In doing so, this study attempted to identify the main parameters behind residential satisfaction with the current residence, willingness to move, preferred number of floors, the preferred density and location of the building on the plot, the preferred facade material, preferred features in the residential environment, perception of wood as a building material, and the perception of the ecologicality of the use of wood.

According to the result, the suburban residents surveyed were generally satisfied with the general condition of their residence, and most of them did not plan to move elsewhere. The majority supported living in 1–2-storey buildings and low-density residential environments. Most of the respondents thought that living in the center would be more attractive. The most popular facade material reported by Finnish residents was wood. In terms of the preferred features in the residential environment, excluding building stock, issues related to the immediate surroundings, such as proximity to nature, the availability of child-friendly areas, and the proximity of water bodies, were considered as important features. The attitudes of the participants towards the use of wood in construction were generally very positive, and they supported the construction of more wooden buildings in Finland. Residents generally considered wooden buildings more beautiful, more environmentally friendly/ecological, and as having a healthier indoor climate than buildings made of non-wood materials. On the other hand, fire safety and cost-competitiveness were issues of skepticism among participants.

In conclusion, this study can serve as a roadmap for interested parties, such as contractors, architects and policymakers, by revealing the preferences of suburban residents for a more livable housing environment. In this sense, sustainable solutions, including more wood construction, can be developed for new design approaches and renovation projects for suburbs, which have been on the agenda for a long time in Finland.

Several limitations of this study should be mentioned. While a fairly representative sample of the typical Finnish suburb district was studied in general, there may be a sample group that is more compatible with the chosen region, especially for some background variables, e.g., education level. Furthermore, to make the results more convincing for Finland’s general population, much larger sample sizes with higher response rates of surveyed patricians should be studied. Additionally, the assessment of livability has inherent limitations [64], often stemming from the subjectivity of human needs and perception, which poses the greatest challenge in assessing livability.

Future research should explore more models of analysis for both urban and suburban livability, so as to provide a more accurate reference for regional planning and development. Future studies may also include other background variables (for example, residents’ income level, past residence experience) to enhance and enrich insight into residents’ livability preferences. In addition, comparative studies can be conducted by performing similar surveys in other Nordic countries.