Integrated Underground Mining Hazard Assessment, Management, Environmental Monitoring, and Policy Control in Pakistan
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methodology
3. Results and Discussion
4. Law Policies of Mineral and Mines in Pakistan
- It should be noted that “uneducated” and “unskilled” are not comparable, and the idea that education determines skill level is incredible.
- Off-nominal conduct may be a safety violation if the person doing it has not received proper training.
- Due to the severe nature of mining hazards, it is hard to believe miners would purposefully endanger their own and their colleagues’ lives if properly educated and trained.
- If miners lack the skills required to operate safely in a mine, inadequate training is the major cause. Mine owners, managers, and regulators are responsible for miner safety training.
5. Recommendations
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Province | Mineral | Production (Tons) | Province | Mineral | Production (Tons) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Baluchistan | Aragonite/marble | 1,442,346 | Punjab | Gypsum | 1,402,367 |
Baluchistan | Barytes | 154,637 | Punjab | Limestone | 24,390,674 |
Baluchistan | Chromite | 55,219 | Punjab | Orchre | 68,352 |
Baluchistan | Coal | 1,671,727 | Punjab | Rock salt | 3,465,987 |
Baluchistan | Fluorite | 5932 | Punjab | Silica sand | 283,413 |
Baluchistan | Limestone/clay | 1,113,674 | Punjab | Sulphur | 14,869 |
Baluchistan | Magnesite | 32,540 | Khyber Pakhtunkhwa | Antimony | 21 |
Sindh | Aragonite | 3125 | Khyber Pakhtunkhwa | Aragonite or marble | 2,473,562 |
Sindh | China clay | 5434 | Khyber Pakhtunkhwa | Barytes | 2770 |
Sindh | Coal | 752,124 | Khyber Pakhtunkhwa | Bauxite | 3985 |
Sindh | Fuller’s earth | 3049 | Khyber Pakhtunkhwa | Chromite | 4072 |
Sindh | Gravel | 420,695 | Khyber Pakhtunkhwa | Coal | 87,892 |
Sindh | Limestone | 7,361,866 | Khyber Pakhtunkhwa | Fire clay | 10,869 |
Sindh | Silica sand | 26,972 | Khyber Pakhtunkhwa | Gypsum | 469,349 |
Punjab | Bauxite | 53,039 | Khyber Pakhtunkhwa | Limestone | 13,127,957 |
Punjab | China clay | 16,249 | Khyber Pakhtunkhwa | Magnesite | 2688 |
Punjab | Coal | 935,019 | Khyber Pakhtunkhwa | Manganese | 70,000 |
Punjab | Fire clay | 540,108 | Khyber Pakhtunkhwa | Rock salt | 86,997 |
Punjab | Fuller’s earth | 10,691 | Khyber Pakhtunkhwa | Silica sand | 85,485 |
Punjab | Gravel | 4295 | Khyber Pakhtunkhwa | Soapstone | 116,830 |
Scheme | Hazard | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Physical | Chemical | Ergonomic | Psychological | Mechanical | Electrical | Natural | |
Explosion—breaks mineral-bearing materials | Fracture, vibration, noise, dust, sliding, rock fall, temperature | Eye infection, irritation, less visibility due to dust and explosive chemical | Vibration-potential for internal organ damage | Anxiety | Drill rods, drill strings, and rod handlers-rotating and moving components | Electric-wire dislocation, ground faults or poor contacts | Land sliding, land or mine sinking, floods, fire, earthquake |
Rock-excavation products and equipment | Anthropogenic activity, noise, artificial seismicity | Oil leakage, slippery surface, leaching | Equipment adjustment and their precision | Work environment | Moving parts, friction, abrasion, cutting, shearing, puncturing, crushing, unnatural positions | Electrical-driven equipment failures, wireline current dispersion | Fire, rock sliding, slop failure, fractures |
Mineral exploration—to determine the area containing minerals underground | Sampling, site cleanup, deforestation, noise, vibration | Harmful chemicals, skin disease, corrosive dermal exposures | Metabolic demands of repetitive tasks, thermal responses to working in hot mining | Mental stress, emotional destruction, conflict | Transportation, heavy equipment, entanglement, cutting | Power supply, electrical-driven equipment | Flood, mine collapse, fire |
Mining-supporting wall—internal supporting structure of the mine | Infrastructure, fortification, ventilation, access track | Gases, harmful chemicals | Vibration-potential for internal organ damage | Consternation, loneliness | Join failure, track damage, cutting, shearing, ceiling bracers, stamped | Electrical-driven equipment failures, wireline current dispersion | Fire, flood, rock fall, fracture |
Mine compactivity—testing the wall for labor movement in the mine | Wall structure, depth, area, lighting | Toxicity, smoke | Inadequate and repetitive postures | Depression, monotonous activity | Rock-cutting equipment, moving parts | Electric-wire dislocation, power supply | Fire, flood, rock fall, fracture |
Road accessibility—transporting the excavated minerals | Steep slope, sliding, remote area, security, weather | Lubricants, toxic minerals, anions | Road accidents, wild animals’ interference | Vehicles, heavy machinery | Power cables | Road damage, raining, string flood. |
Outcome of Seriousness “s” | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Seriousness Unimportant | Seriousness Important | Serious Injuries | Major Injuries | ||
Probability | Prevalence Pr-1 | H1 | H2 | H4 | H5 |
Prevalence Pr-2 | H2 | H5 | H6 | H10 | |
Prevalence Pr-3 | H3 | H7 | H8 | H12 | |
Prevalence Pr-4 | H4 | H9 | H11 | H15 |
Task | Seriousness Unimportant | Seriousness Important | Serious Injuries | Major Injuries |
---|---|---|---|---|
Explosion—breaks mineral-bearing materials | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Rock excavation; products and equipment | 5 | 3 | 2 | 0 |
Mineral exploration—to determine the area containing minerals underground | 9 | 4 | 1 | 0 |
Mining-supporting wall—internal supporting structure of the mine | 15 | 3 | 4 | 2 |
Mine compactivity—testing the wall for labor movement in the mine | 45 | 16 | 0 | 0 |
Road accessibility—transporting the excavated minerals | 4 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
Explosion—Breaks Mineral-Bearing Materials | Outcome of Seriousness “s” | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Seriousness Unimportant | Seriousness Important | Serious Injuries | Major Injuries | ||||||
Probability | Prevalence Pr-1 | H1 | H2 | H4 | H5 | ||||
Prevalence Pr-2 | H2 | H5 | H6 | H10 | |||||
Prevalence Pr-3 | H3 | H7 | H8 | H12 | |||||
Prevalence Pr-4 | H4 | H9 | H11 | H15 | |||||
Rock Excavation; Products and Equipment | Outcome of Seriousness “s” | ||||||||
Seriousness Unimportant | Seriousness Important | Serious Injuries | Major Injuries | ||||||
Probability | Prevalence Pr-1 | H1 | H2 | H4 | H5 | ||||
Prevalence Pr-2 | H2 | H5 | H6 | H10 | |||||
Prevalence Pr-3 | H3 | H7 | H8 | H12 | |||||
Prevalence Pr-4 | H4 | H9 | H11 | H15 | |||||
Mineral Exploration—to Determine the Area Containing Minerals Underground | Outcome of Seriousness “s” | ||||||||
Seriousness Unimportant | Seriousness Important | Serious Injuries | Major Injuries | ||||||
Probability | Prevalence Pr-1 | H1 | H2 | H4 | H5 | ||||
Prevalence Pr-2 | H2 | H5 | H6 | H10 | |||||
Prevalence Pr-3 | H3 | H7 | H8 | H12 | |||||
Prevalence Pr-4 | H4 | H9 | H11 | H15 |
Mining-Supporting Wall—Internal Supporting Structure of the Mine | Outcome of Seriousness “s” | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Seriousness Unimportant | Seriousness Important | Serious Injuries | Major Injuries | ||||||
Probability | Prevalence Pr-1 | H1 | H2 | H4 | H5 | ||||
Prevalence Pr-2 | H2 | H5 | H6 | H10 | |||||
Prevalence Pr-3 | H3 | H7 | H8 | H12 | |||||
Prevalence Pr-4 | H4 | H9 | H11 | H15 | |||||
Mine Compactivity—Testing the Wall for Labor Movement in the Mine | Outcome of Seriousness “s” | ||||||||
Seriousness Unimportant | Seriousness Important | Serious Injuries | Major Injuries | ||||||
Probability | Prevalence Pr-1 | H1 | H2 | H4 | H5 | ||||
Prevalence Pr-2 | H2 | H5 | H6 | H10 | |||||
Prevalence Pr-3 | H3 | H7 | H8 | H12 | |||||
Prevalence Pr-4 | H4 | H9 | H11 | H15 | |||||
Road Accessibility—Transporting the Excavated Minerals | Outcome of Seriousness “s” | ||||||||
Seriousness Unimportant | Seriousness Important | Serious Injuries | Major Injuries | ||||||
Probability | Prevalence Pr-1 | H1 | H2 | H4 | H5 | ||||
Prevalence Pr-2 | H2 | H5 | H6 | H10 | |||||
Prevalence Pr-3 | H3 | H7 | H8 | H12 | |||||
Prevalence Pr-4 | H4 | H9 | H11 | H15 |
Explosion–Breaks Mineral-Bearing Materials | Outcome of Seriousness “s” | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Seriousness Unimportant | Seriousness Important | Serious Injuries | Major Injuries | |
Accidents | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Probability of its consequences | Prevalence Pr-1 | Prevalence Pr-2 | Prevalence Pr-3 | Prevalence Pr-4 |
Hazard factor | H1 | H2 | H4 | H5 |
No human harm | Slightly injuries and major injuries |
Rock Excavation; Products and Equipment | Outcome of Seriousness “s” | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Seriousness Unimportant | Seriousness Important | Serious Injuries | Major Injuries | |
Accidents | 5 | 3 | 2 | 0 |
Probability of its consequences | Prevalence Pr-1 | Prevalence Pr-2 | Prevalence Pr-3 | Prevalence Pr-4 |
Hazard factor | H2 | H5 | H4 | H5 |
No human harm | Slight injuries and major injuries |
Mineral Exploration—to Determine the Area Containing Minerals Underground | Outcome of Seriousness “s” | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Seriousness Unimportant | Seriousness Important | Serious Injuries | Major Injuries | |
Accidents | 9 | 4 | 1 | 0 |
Probability of its consequences | Prevalence Pr-1 | Prevalence Pr-2 | Prevalence Pr-3 | Prevalence Pr-4 |
Hazard factor | H3 | H5 | H6 | H5 |
No human harm | Serious injuries and major injuries |
Mining-Supporting Wall—Internal Supporting Structure of the Mine | Outcome of Seriousness “s” | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Seriousness Unimportant | Seriousness Important | Serious Injuries | Major Injuries | |
Accidents | 15 | 3 | 4 | 2 |
Probability of its consequences | Prevalence Pr-1 | Prevalence Pr-2 | Prevalence Pr-3 | Prevalence Pr-4 |
Hazard factor | H4 | H7 | H8 | H10 |
Slight injuries and major injuries |
Mine Compactivity—Testing the Wall for Labor Movement in the Mine | Outcome of Seriousness “s” | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Seriousness Unimportant | Seriousness Important | Serious Injuries | Major Injuries | |
Accidents | 45 | 16 | 0 | 0 |
Probability of its consequences | Prevalence Pr-1 | Prevalence Pr-2 | Prevalence Pr-3 | Prevalence Pr-4 |
Hazard factor | H4 | H7 | H4 | H5 |
Slight injuries and major injuries |
Road Accessibility—Transport the Excavated Minerals | Outcome of Seriousness “s” | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Seriousness Unimportant | Seriousness Important | Serious Injuries | Major Injuries | |
Accidents | 45 | 16 | 0 | 0 |
Probability of its consequences | Prevalence Pr-1 | Prevalence Pr-2 | Prevalence Pr-3 | Prevalence Pr-4 |
Hazard factor | H4 | H7 | H4 | H5 |
Slight injuries and major injuries |
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Janjuhah, H.T.; Ishfaque, M.; Mehmood, M.I.; Kontakiotis, G.; Shahzad, S.M.; Zarkogiannis, S.D. Integrated Underground Mining Hazard Assessment, Management, Environmental Monitoring, and Policy Control in Pakistan. Sustainability 2021, 13, 13505. https://doi.org/10.3390/su132413505
Janjuhah HT, Ishfaque M, Mehmood MI, Kontakiotis G, Shahzad SM, Zarkogiannis SD. Integrated Underground Mining Hazard Assessment, Management, Environmental Monitoring, and Policy Control in Pakistan. Sustainability. 2021; 13(24):13505. https://doi.org/10.3390/su132413505
Chicago/Turabian StyleJanjuhah, Hammad Tariq, Muhammad Ishfaque, Muhammad Ifzal Mehmood, George Kontakiotis, Syed Muzyan Shahzad, and Stergios D. Zarkogiannis. 2021. "Integrated Underground Mining Hazard Assessment, Management, Environmental Monitoring, and Policy Control in Pakistan" Sustainability 13, no. 24: 13505. https://doi.org/10.3390/su132413505