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Volume 13
Issue 24
10.3390/su132413763
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Article

Dynamics and Economics of Shallow Lakes: A Survey

by
Dmitry Gromov
1,* and
Thorsten Upmann
2,3,4
1
Faculty of Applied Mathematics and Control Processes, St. Petersburg State University, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia
2
Helmholtz Institute for Functional Marine Biodiversity at the University of Oldenburg (HIFMB), D-23129 Oldenburg, Germany
3
Institute for Chemistry and Biology of the Marine Environment, Carl von Ossietzky University, D-26111 Oldenburg, Germany
4
Faculty of Business Administration and Economics, Bielefeld University, D-33501 Bielefeld, Germany
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Sustainability 2021, 13(24), 13763; https://doi.org/10.3390/su132413763
Submission received: 19 November 2021 / Revised: 9 December 2021 / Accepted: 10 December 2021 / Published: 13 December 2021
(This article belongs to the Section Sustainable Water Management)
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Abstract

We provide an overview of the results devoted to the analysis of the dynamics and economics of shallow lakes, spanning the period from 1999 until now. A shallow lake serves as a typical representative of an ecological system subject to (possibly irreversible) regime shifts. The dynamics of a shallow lake are described by a non-linear model with multiple steady states and multiple domains of attraction and is thus suitable to model the evolution of an ecosystem featuring both resilience within a domain of stability and an abrupt regime shift outside of it. Beyond this, the shallow lake model can also be viewed as a metaphor for many other ecological problems. Due to the broad applicability of this model, there is substantial interest in the management of shallow lakes and both their optimal regulation and competitive usage.
Keywords: shallow lake; multiple equilibria; regime shifts; tipping points; optimal control; economic analysis; bifurcation analysis; threshold estimation shallow lake; multiple equilibria; regime shifts; tipping points; optimal control; economic analysis; bifurcation analysis; threshold estimation

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MDPI and ACS Style

Gromov, D.; Upmann, T. Dynamics and Economics of Shallow Lakes: A Survey. Sustainability 2021, 13, 13763. https://doi.org/10.3390/su132413763

AMA Style

Gromov D, Upmann T. Dynamics and Economics of Shallow Lakes: A Survey. Sustainability. 2021; 13(24):13763. https://doi.org/10.3390/su132413763

Chicago/Turabian Style

Gromov, Dmitry, and Thorsten Upmann. 2021. "Dynamics and Economics of Shallow Lakes: A Survey" Sustainability 13, no. 24: 13763. https://doi.org/10.3390/su132413763

APA Style

Gromov, D., & Upmann, T. (2021). Dynamics and Economics of Shallow Lakes: A Survey. Sustainability, 13(24), 13763. https://doi.org/10.3390/su132413763

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