Residential Solar Thermal Performance Considering Self-Shading Incidence between Tubes in Evacuated Tube and Flat Plate Collectors
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
3. Results
3.1. Temperatures at the Outlets of the STCs
3.2. Temperatures at the Storage Outlets
3.3. Supplementary Energy Requirement for Residential Use
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
β | Slope angle |
°C | Degrees Celsius |
cm | Centimeters |
CO2 | Carbon dioxide |
DHW | Domestic hot water |
ETC | Evacuated tube collector |
ETC.w | Evacuated tube collector facing west |
ETC.s | Evacuated tube collector facing south |
FPC | Flat plate collector |
FPC.e | Flat plate collector facing east |
FPC.n | Flat plate collector facing north |
IEA | International Energy Agency |
kg | Kilograms |
kWh | Kilowatt hours (energy) |
LPG | Liquified petroleum gas |
L | Liters |
m2 | Square meters |
masl | Meters above sea level |
PV | Photovoltaic |
STC | Solar-thermal collector |
SO2 | Sulfur dioxide |
Temp.Avg | Average temperature |
USD | United States dollars |
Wh/m2 | Watt-hours per square meter (energy) |
Appendix A
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Timetable/STC | ETC.w | ETC.s | FPC.n | FPC.e | Volume of Hot Water Evacuated (L) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Morning 1 Shower | 06:00 | 06:05 | 06:10 | 06:15 | 52 |
Morning 2 Hand wash basins | 06:55 | 07:00 | 07:05 | 07:10 | 20 |
Morning 3 Dishwasher | 07:50 | 07:55 | 08:00 | 08:05 | 8 |
Afternoon 1 Kitchen | 12:00 | 12:15 | 12:30 | 12:45 | 16 |
Afternoon 2 Dishwasher | 13:15 | 13:30 | 13:45 | 14:00 | 16 |
Night 1 Kitchen | 19:00 | 19:05 | 19:10 | 19:15 | 16 |
Night 2 Dishwasher | 19:55 | 20:00 | 20:05 | 20:10 | 20 |
Night 3 Shower | 20:50 | 20:55 | 21:00 | 21:05 | 52 |
Average Daily Irradiation Collector Water Outlet Temperature. Maximum and Average Temperature Comparative Analysis (°C) for 3177 Wh/m2 Daily Solar Energy Scenario | Low-Irradiation Day Collector Water Outlet Temperature. Maximum and Average Temperature Comparative Analysis (°C) for 1565 Wh/m2 Solar Energy Scenario | High-Irradiation Day Collector Water Outlet Temperature. Maximum and Average Temperature Comparative Analysis (°C) for 5195 Wh/m2 Daily Solar Energy Scenario | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Average Temperature Detected(°C) | Average Temperature Detected (°C) | Average Temperature Detected (°C) | |||||||||
FPC.e | FPC.n | ETC.s | ETC.w | FPC.e. | FPC.n. | ETC.s. | ETC.w | FPC.e | FPC.n | ETC.s | ETC.w |
18.8 | 18.9 | 21.7 | 23.4 | 16.9 | 16.9 | 19.3 | 20.2 | 21.3 | 23.8 | 24.8 | 27.2 |
Temperature difference against the same technology outlet collector (°C) | Temperature difference against the same technology outlet collector (°C) | Temperature difference against the same technology outlet collector (°C) | |||||||||
−0.1 | 0.1 | −1.7 | 1.7 | 0.0 | 0.0 | −1.0 | 1.0 | −2.5 | 2.5 | −2.4 | 2.4 |
Maximum Temperature Detected (°C) | Maximum Temperature Detected (°C) | Maximum Temperature Detected (°C) | |||||||||
FPC.e | FPC.n | ETC.s | ETC.w | FPC.e | FPC.n | ETC.s | ETC.w | FPC.e | FPC.n | ETC.s | ETC.w |
30.2 | 30.1 | 33.2 | 38.8 | 25.4 | 25.8 | 27.6 | 31.4 | 41.1 | 40.9 | 41.7 | 50.6 |
Temperature difference against the same technology outlet collector (°C) | Temperature difference against the same technology outlet collector (°C) | Temperature difference against the same technology outlet collector (°C) | |||||||||
0.1 | −0.1 | −5.6 | 5.6 | −0.4 | 0.4 | −3.7 | 3.7 | 0.2 | −0.2 | −8.9 | 8.9 |
Average Irradiation Day Outlet Storage Temperature and Comparative analysis (°C) for 3177 Wh/m2 Daily Solar Energy Scenario | Low-Irradiation Day Outlet Storage Temperature and Comparative Analysis (°C) for 1565 Wh/m2 Daily Solar Energy Scenario | High-Irradiation Day Outlet Storage Temperature and Comparative Analysis (°C) for 5195 Wh/m2 Daily Solar Energy Scenario | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Average Temperature (°C) | Average Temperature (°C) | Average Temperature (°C) | |||||||||
FPC.e | FPC.n | ETC.s | ETC.w | FPC.e | FPC.n | ETC.s | ETC.w | FPC.e | FPC.n | ETC.s | ETC.w |
23.1 | 22.4 | 24.2 | 26.4 | 20.8 | 20.1 | 21.4 | 23.8 | 27.2 | 25.2 | 28.2 | 31.1 |
Temperature difference against the same technology outlet storage(°C) | Temperature difference against the same technology outlet storage (°C) | Temperature difference against the same technology outlet storage (°C) | |||||||||
0.7 | −0.7 | −2.1 | 2.1 | 0.8 | −0.8 | −2.3 | 2.3 | 2.0 | −2.0 | −3.0 | 3.0 |
Maximum Temperature Detected (°C) | Maximum Temperature Detected (°C) | Maximum Temperature Detected (°C) | |||||||||
FPC.e | FPC.n. | ETC.s | ETC.w | FPC.e | FPC.n | ETC.s | ETC.w | FPC.e. | FPC.n | ETC.s | ETC.w Max |
28.3 | 28.1 | 28.7 | 30.8 | 22.2 | 21.7 | 21.7 | 24.3 | 36.7 | 36.8 | 36.2 | 39.2 |
Temperature difference against the same technology outlet storage(°C) | Temperature difference against the same technology outlet storage (°C) | Temperature difference against the same technology outlet storage (°C) | |||||||||
0.2 | −0.2 | −2.1 | 2.1 | 0.5 | −0.5 | −2.6 | 2.6 | −0.1 | 0.1 | −3.0 | 3.0 |
Total Energy Shortfall (kWh/day) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
STC | Irradiation Conditions | % Comparative avg. Energy Requirement vs. Minimum avg. Requirement | ||
Irrad.Min (1565 Wh/m2) | Irrad.Max (5195 Wh/m2) | Irrad.Avg. 3177 (Wh/m2) | ||
FPC.e | 6.8 | 5.1 | 6.2 | 116.5% |
FPC.n | 7.0 | 5.6 | 6.5 | 120.6% |
ETC.s | 6.6 | 4.7 | 5.9 | 109.8% |
ETC.w (base) | 6.1 | 4.2 | 5.4 | 100.0% |
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Zalamea-Leon, E.; Barragán-Escandón, E.A.; Calle-Sigüencia, J.; Astudillo-Flores, M.; Juela-Quintuña, D. Residential Solar Thermal Performance Considering Self-Shading Incidence between Tubes in Evacuated Tube and Flat Plate Collectors. Sustainability 2021, 13, 13870. https://doi.org/10.3390/su132413870
Zalamea-Leon E, Barragán-Escandón EA, Calle-Sigüencia J, Astudillo-Flores M, Juela-Quintuña D. Residential Solar Thermal Performance Considering Self-Shading Incidence between Tubes in Evacuated Tube and Flat Plate Collectors. Sustainability. 2021; 13(24):13870. https://doi.org/10.3390/su132413870
Chicago/Turabian StyleZalamea-Leon, Esteban, Edgar A. Barragán-Escandón, John Calle-Sigüencia, Mateo Astudillo-Flores, and Diego Juela-Quintuña. 2021. "Residential Solar Thermal Performance Considering Self-Shading Incidence between Tubes in Evacuated Tube and Flat Plate Collectors" Sustainability 13, no. 24: 13870. https://doi.org/10.3390/su132413870