The Sewage Sludge Biochar and Its Composts Influence the Phosphate Sorption in an Alkaline–Calcareous Soil
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Material and Methods
2.1. Experimental Site
2.2. Experimental Inputs
2.3. Experimental Setup
2.4. Statistical Analyses
3. Results
3.1. Characterization of the SS, SS-BC, RP, FM, and Their Co-Composts
3.1.1. Nutrient Analysis of SS and SS-BC
3.1.2. Mineralogical Analysis of the Raw SS, SS-BC, RP, and FM Materials
3.1.3. FTIR Spectra of Co-Compost Materials
3.2. Soil pH and EC, and Olsen’s P
3.3. Sorption Parameters
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Sample Code | Treatment | Composition of Composted Material (%) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
SS | SS-BC | FM | RP | ||
T1 | Control | - | - | - | - |
T2 | SS | 100 | - | - | - |
T3 | SS-BC | - | 100 | - | - |
T4 | SS50:FM50 | 50 | - | 50 | - |
T5 | SS75:FM25 | 75 | - | 25 | - |
T6 | SS25:FM25:RP50 | 25 | - | 25 | 50 |
T7 | SS50:FM25:RP25 | 50 | - | 25 | 25 |
T8 | SS75:RP25 | 75 | - | - | 25 |
T9 | SS50:RP50 | 50 | - | - | 50 |
5 d | 45 d | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Treatments | k | Smax | R2 | k | Smax | R2 |
Control | 0.06(ab) ± 0.0 | 540.61(c) ± 3.67 | 0.99(a) ± 0.01 | 0.04(a) ± 0.00 | 582.59(bc) ± 5.27 | 0.93(a) ± 0.01 |
T2 (SS) | 0.12(ab) ± 0.03 | 887.04(abc) ± 110.15 | 0.91(a) ± 0.05 | 0.12(a) ± 0.11 | 189.85 (c) ± 189.15 | 0.84(a) ± 0.08 |
T3 (SS-BC) | 0.18(ab) ± 0.04 | 756.59(bc) ± 97.16 | 1.00(a) ± 0.00 | 0.06(a) ± 0.05 | 272.59 (c) ±272.44 | 0.94(a) ± 0.02 |
T4 (SS50:FM50) | 0.25(a) ± 0.12 | 606.48(bc) ± 76.69 | 0.98(a) ± 0.01 | 0.06(a) ± 0.03 | 248.61(c) ± 248.39 | 0.82(a) ± 0.09 |
T5 (SS75:FM25) | 0.05(ab) ± 0.00 | 668.75(bc) ± 9.77 | 0.70(a) ± 0.08 | 0.08(a) ± 0.01 | 648.03(bc) ± 18.81 | 0.92(a) ± 0.02 |
T6 (SS25:FM25:RP50) | 0.04(a) ± 0.01 | 1288.22(a) ± 271.02 | 0.66(a) ± 0.20 | 0.02(a) ± 0.00 | 1531.79(a) ± 36.86 | 0.66(b) ± 0.03 |
T7 (SS50:FM25:RP25) | 0.05(ab) ± 0.00 | 988.06(abc) ± 37.73 | 0.87(a) ± 0.01 | 0.06(a) ± 0.00 | 860.77(abc) ± 12.69 | 0.919(a) ± 0.03 |
T8 (SS75:FM0:RP25) | 0.11(ab) ± 0.00 | 1018.46(abc) ± 23.39 | 0.96(a) ± 0.00 | 0.099(a) ± 0.00 | 1062.37(ab) ± 18.10 | 0.97(a) ± 0.01 |
T9 (SS50:FM0:RP50) | 0.10(ab) ± 0.00 | 1073.54(ab) ± 22.31 | 0.96(a) ± 0.00 | 0.08(a) ± 0.00 | 1178.58(ab) ± 13.79 | 0.92(a) ± 0.03 |
5 d | 45 d | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Treatments | Intercept | Slope | R2 | Intercept | Slope | R2 |
Control | 0.30(c) ± 0.03 | 0.64(a) ± 0.01 | 0.96(a) ± 0.00 | 0.23(e) ± 0.02 | 0.73(a) ± 0.01 | 0.95(ab) ± 0.00 |
T2 (SS) | 1.54(ab) ± 0.15 | 0.36(d) ± 0.05 | 0.91(abc) ± 0.03 | 2.03(a) ± 0.02 | 0.19(f) ± 0.00 | 0.90(abc) ± 0.01 |
T3 (SS-BC) | 1.63(a) ± 0.15 | 0.27(d) ± 0.06 | 0.90(ab) ± 0.04 | 1.88(ab) ± 0.01 | 0.27(ef) ± 0.00 | 0.95(ab) ± 0.01 |
T4 (SS50:FM50) | 1.60(ab) ± 0.24 | 0.31(cd) ± 0.08 | 0.81(abc) ± 0.10 | 1.36(c) ± 0.23 | 0.39(ed) ± 0.07 | 0.92(abc) ± 0.03 |
T5 (SS75:FM25) | 1.09(a) ± 0.05 | 0.42(bcd) ± 0.02 | 0.82(c) ± 0.04 | 1.38(bc) ± 0.13 | 0.35(de) ± 0.03 | 0.85(c) ± 0.03 |
T6 (SS25:FM25:RP50) | 0.75(bc) ± 0.11 | 0.58(ab) ± 0.03 | 0.83(bc) ± 0.04 | 0.64(d) ± 0.03 | 0.60(b) ± 0.01 | 0.71(d) ± 0.02 |
T7 (SS50:FM25:RP25) | 0.91(b) ± 0.08 | 0.52(abc) ± 0.02 | 0.87(abc) ± 0.01 | 1.08(cd) ± 0.02 | 0.47(cd) ± 0.01 | 0.87(bc) ± 0.02 |
T8 (SS75:FM0:RP25) | 1.10(b) ± 0.03 | 0.52(abc) ± 0.00 | 0.96(a) ± 0.00 | 0.97(cd) ± 0.03 | 0.56(bc) ± 0.01 | 0.97(a) ± 0.01 |
T9 (SS50:FM0:RP50) | 1.00(bc) ± 0.02 | 0.56(a) ± 0.00 | 0.97(a) ± 0.00 | 0.80(d) ± 0.08 | 0.62(ab) ± 0.02 | 0.97(ab) ± 0.01 |
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Rehman, R.A.; Qayyum, M.F.; Haider, G.; Schofield, K.; Abid, M.; Rizwan, M.; Ali, S. The Sewage Sludge Biochar and Its Composts Influence the Phosphate Sorption in an Alkaline–Calcareous Soil. Sustainability 2021, 13, 1779. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13041779
Rehman RA, Qayyum MF, Haider G, Schofield K, Abid M, Rizwan M, Ali S. The Sewage Sludge Biochar and Its Composts Influence the Phosphate Sorption in an Alkaline–Calcareous Soil. Sustainability. 2021; 13(4):1779. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13041779
Chicago/Turabian StyleRehman, Rabia Abdur, Muhammad Farooq Qayyum, Ghulam Haider, Kate Schofield, Muhammad Abid, Muhammad Rizwan, and Shafaqat Ali. 2021. "The Sewage Sludge Biochar and Its Composts Influence the Phosphate Sorption in an Alkaline–Calcareous Soil" Sustainability 13, no. 4: 1779. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13041779