Assessing City Governance for Low-Carbon Mobility in London
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Literature Review
2.2. Assessment Framework
2.3. Method
3. Results
3.1. Supportive Political and Legal Context (Moderately Strong)
3.2. Autonomy
3.2.1. Capacity (Strong)
3.2.2. Action (Strong)
3.3. Access to Funding for Climate Action
3.3.1. Capacity (Moderately Strong)
3.3.2. Action (Strong)
3.4. Vertical Coordination
3.4.1. Capacity (Weak)
3.4.2. Action (Moderately Weak)
3.5. Horizontal Coordination
3.5.1. Capacity (Strong)
3.5.2. Action (Moderately Strong)
3.6. Membership of Capacity-Building and Learning Networks
3.6.1. Capacity (Moderately Strong)
3.6.2. Action (Strong)
3.7. Collaboration with and Participation of Stakeholders
3.7.1. Capacity (Strong)
3.7.2. Action (Strong)
3.8. Presence of Local Climate Champion
3.8.1. Capacity (Strong)
3.8.2. Action (Strong)
3.9. Conducive Urban Form and Infrastructure (Moderately Strong)
3.10. Societal Pressure (Moderately Strong)
4. Conclusions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
- Do you believe that there is a supportive political and legal context (i.e., in higher levels of governance) for the transition to low-carbon mobility in London?
- To what degree do you believe London has sufficient autonomy to introduce appropriate policy strategy, mechanisms and instruments to drive the transition to low-carbon mobility in London? Do you believe that city authorities make use of the autonomy that is afforded?
- To what degree do you believe that London has access to funding for action to develop low-carbon mobility (from any source)? To what degree do you think the city authorities use the funding they may raise or receive for this purpose?
- To what degree do you feel that there is effective co-ordination between low-carbon mobility policy action at the city level, and higher levels of governance (e.g., national and EU)?
- To what degree do you feel there is effective co-ordination on low-carbon mobility policy between different city-level bodies, and London boroughs?
- To what degree do you feel that London participates in capacity-building and learning networks and processes, with regard to low-carbon mobility in particular?
- To what degree do you feel that city authorities engage or collaborate with stakeholders in developing and implementing policy and initiatives relevant to low-carbon mobility in London? Do you feel that engagement with a wide range of stakeholder groups is sought, and to what degree do you feel such engagement influences the design and operation of policy and initiatives?
- To what degree do you feel city-level leaders are providing support and leadership for the development of low-carbon mobility in London?
- To what degree do you believe that the urban form and pre-existing infrastructure in London is suited to the transition to low-carbon mobility in London?
- To what degree do you believe that there is societal pressure for London to drive the transition to low-carbon mobility in the city?
- To what degree to you believe that the above factors have changed, or are likely to change, in the near to medium-term, as a result of actions to tackle the direct or indirect effects of COVID-19?
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Enabling Factor | Weak | Moderately Weak | Moderately Strong | Strong | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Supportive political and legal context | Capacity | No or limited political, policy or legal support from higher levels of governance. | Clear political, policy and legal support from higher levels of governance | ||
Action | Not applicable | ||||
Autonomy | Capacity | No or limited ability to introduce substantive policy strategy, decisions and instruments that go beyond those introduced at higher levels of governance, and ability to raise and manage own resources to implement them | Reasonable or extensive ability to introduce substantive policy strategy, mechanisms and instruments that go beyond those introduced at higher levels of governance, and ability to raise and manage own resources to implement them | ||
Action | No or limited action has been taken to make use of the autonomy available | Reasonable or extensive action has been taken to make use of the autonomy available | |||
Access to Funding for Climate Action | Capacity | No or limited ability to use own funds for climate action (either granted or self-generated from e.g., taxation), regardless of level of discretion over how such funds may be used, and/or limited ability to access external funds (due to eligibility, competitiveness, etc.) | Reasonable or extensive ability to use own funds for climate action (either granted or self-generated from e.g., taxation), regardless of level of discretion over how such funds may be used, and/or extensive ability to access external funds | ||
Action | No or limited attempts have been made to raise or use funds available for climate action | Reasonable or extensive attempts have been made to raise or use funds available for climate action | |||
Vertical Coordination | Capacity | No or limited formal or informal processes or actors at any governance level to facilitate vertical co-ordination of climate action | Some or several, clear, formal or informal processes, or dedicated body at the national level responsible for vertical co-ordination of climate action, inclusive of both city and supranational action (if relevant) | ||
Action | No or limited use of or attention paid to processes or actors at any governance level for vertical co-ordination of climate action | Reasonable or extensive use of or attention paid to processes or actors at any governance level for vertical co-ordination of climate action | |||
Horizontal Coordination | Capacity | No or limited formal or informal processes for horizontal coordination of climate action within the city | Some or several, clear, formal or informal processes with wide scope, or a central co-ordination body, with high prominence or wide remit, for horizontal coordination of climate action within the city | ||
Action | No or limited use of or attention paid to processes or bodies for horizontal co-ordination of climate action | Reasonable or extensive use of or attention paid to processes or bodies for horizontal co-ordination of climate action | |||
Membership of Capacity-building and Learning Networks | Capacity | No or limited membership of relevant capacity building and learning networks, that the city authorities are eligible to join | Membership of many or most relevant capacity building and learning networks, that the city authorities are eligible to join | ||
Action | No or limited engagement with the relevant capacity building and learning networks in which the city is involved | Reasonable or extensive engagement with the relevant capacity building and learning networks in which the city is involved | |||
Collaboration with and Participation of Stakeholders | Capacity | No or limited formal or informal process for consultation or collaboration with stakeholders and/or no or limited processes to encourage collaboration within and between different stakeholder groups | Some or several, clear, formal or informal process for consultation or collaboration with stakeholders and/or no or limited processes to encourage collaboration within and between different stakeholder groups | ||
Action | No or limited use of formal or informal stakeholder consultation or collaboration processes, with no or limited reflection of their outcomes in policy decisions, or reflection of the interests of a narrow range of stakeholders | Reasonable or extensive use of formal or informal stakeholder consultation or collaboration processes, with reasonable or extensive reflection of their outcomes in policy decisions, representing interests of a wide range of stakeholders | |||
Presence of Local Climate Champion | Capacity | No clear city authority figurehead, or with no or limited public profile and formal or informal power | Clear city authority figurehead (mayor or equivalent) with high profile and reasonable or extensive power within the bounds of city autonomy | ||
Action | Mayor or equivalent is hostile or indifferent to climate action | Mayor or equivalent is reasonably or clearly supportive of ambitious climate action | |||
Conducive Urban form and infrastructure | Capacity | The form of the city, its infrastructure and environs is generally a hinderance to the adoption of key low-carbon technologies and behaviours required for strong climate action | The form of the city, its infrastructure and environs is generally well suited to the adoption of key low-carbon technologies and behaviours required for strong climate action | ||
Action | Not applicable | ||||
Societal Pressure | Capacity | Residents of the city (individuals and businesses) are generally hostile or indifferent to climate action | Residents of the city (individuals and businesses) generally support or demand strong climate action | ||
Action | Not applicable |
Interviewee Number | Interviewee Type |
---|---|
LI-1 | City authority |
LI-2 | London and/or transport-focused NGO |
LI-3 | City authority |
LI-4 | London and/or transport-focused NGO |
LI-5 | City authority |
LI-6 | London and/or transport-focused NGO |
LI-7 | London and/or transport-focused NGO |
LI-8 | Academic |
Enabling Factor | Capacity | Action | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
W | MW | MS | S | W | MW | MS | S | |
Supportive political and legal context | ||||||||
Autonomy | ||||||||
Access to funding for climate action | ||||||||
Vertical co-ordination | ||||||||
Horizontal co-ordination | ||||||||
Membership of capacity-building and learning networks | ||||||||
Collaboration with and participation of stakeholders | ||||||||
Presence of local climate champion | ||||||||
Conducive urban form and infrastructure | ||||||||
Societal pressure |
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Drummond, P. Assessing City Governance for Low-Carbon Mobility in London. Sustainability 2021, 13, 2480. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13052480
Drummond P. Assessing City Governance for Low-Carbon Mobility in London. Sustainability. 2021; 13(5):2480. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13052480
Chicago/Turabian StyleDrummond, Paul. 2021. "Assessing City Governance for Low-Carbon Mobility in London" Sustainability 13, no. 5: 2480. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13052480