Effect of the Quasi-Petal Heat Transfer Tube on the Melting Process of the Nano-Enhanced Phase Change Substance in a Thermal Energy Storage Unit
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methodology
2.1. Physical Model
2.2. Governing Equations
3. Numerical Method and Model Verification
3.1. Numerical Approach
3.2. Grid-Independency Test
3.3. Model Verification
4. Results and Discussion
5. Conclusions
- The cross-sectional shape of the inner tube is an important parameter in heat transfer and in the energy storage of the PCM. Using a petal-shaped tube instead of a circular one increases the surface contact between the tube and the surrounding PCM, which, consequently, intensifies heat transfer and enhances melting. This effect is further emphasized when the number of petals Λ and/or their amplitude is increased. The average charging power can be increased by up to 45% when a petal-shaped tube with Λ = 8 is used instead of a circular one, and by 26% when the amplitude of the petals is increased by 3 times.
- The distance between the two branches of the inner tube rd has a slight effect on the thermal and flow behaviors in the heat exchanger. Shifting the inner tube towards the center by reducing rd or towards the outer shell by raising rd limits the zone of PCM melting and diminishes energy storage. The optimal value for PCM melting and energy storage is rd = 0.4 rs. Nonetheless, the impact of 0.4 rd remains relatively limited. A 4% reduction in the charging power is observed when rd is increased from 0.4 rs to 0.5 rs.
- The inclination angle of the inner tube impacts the convective effects in the cavity. Using a vertical tube instead of a horizontal one intensifies the convection of the melt and increases the stored energy. As a consequence, a vertical inner tube leads to a 5% increase in the charging power compared to a horizontal one.
- Dispersing conductive nanoparticles in the PCM increases its thermal conductivity, which improves its thermal transfer properties. However, the type of nanoparticles dispersed in the PCM has little effect on the melted volume and the stored energy, as similar results are obtained when either Cu or GO nanoparticles are used, with a little advantage for Cu. On the other hand, raising the concentration of the nanoparticles enhances PCM melting and the corresponding stored energy. Using an 8% nanoparticle, the charging power can be raised by 7% for GO and 11% for Cu nanoparticles than a pure PCM.
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Properties | Cu | GO | Capric Acid |
---|---|---|---|
Density (kg m−3) | 8933 | 1800 | Solid: 1018 Liquid: 888 |
Latent heat (kJ kg−1) | NA | NA | 152.7 |
Thermal expansion coefficient (K−1) | 1.67 × 10−5 | 28.4 × 10−5 | 1 × 10−3 |
Fusion temperature (°C) | NA | NA | 32 |
Thermal conductivity (Wm−1 K−1) | 401 | 5000 | Solid: 0.372 Liquid: 0.153 |
Specific heat (kJ kg−1 K−1) | 0.385 | 0.717 | Solid: 1.9 Liquid: 2.4 |
Kinematic viscosity (m2 s−1) | NA | NA | 3 × 10−6 |
Grid Case | 1 | 2 * | 3 | 4 |
---|---|---|---|---|
elements | 7926 | 12,385 | 17,761 | 23,854 |
computing time | 118 | 184 | 215 | 247 |
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Ghalambaz, M.; Mehryan, S.A.M.; Feeoj, R.K.; Hajjar, A.; Younis, O.; Talebizadehsardari, P.; Yaïci, W. Effect of the Quasi-Petal Heat Transfer Tube on the Melting Process of the Nano-Enhanced Phase Change Substance in a Thermal Energy Storage Unit. Sustainability 2021, 13, 2871. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13052871
Ghalambaz M, Mehryan SAM, Feeoj RK, Hajjar A, Younis O, Talebizadehsardari P, Yaïci W. Effect of the Quasi-Petal Heat Transfer Tube on the Melting Process of the Nano-Enhanced Phase Change Substance in a Thermal Energy Storage Unit. Sustainability. 2021; 13(5):2871. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13052871
Chicago/Turabian StyleGhalambaz, Mohammad, Seyed Abdollah Mansouri Mehryan, Reza Kalantar Feeoj, Ahmad Hajjar, Obai Younis, Pouyan Talebizadehsardari, and Wahiba Yaïci. 2021. "Effect of the Quasi-Petal Heat Transfer Tube on the Melting Process of the Nano-Enhanced Phase Change Substance in a Thermal Energy Storage Unit" Sustainability 13, no. 5: 2871. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13052871