Uncovering the Indirect Impact of Work Ethic on Engineering Students’ Productivity through Positive and Negative Organizational Behaviors and Workaholism
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Literature Review
2.1. OBs and Productivity
2.2. WA and Productivity
2.3. WE and Productivity
2.4. Indirect Effects of WE on Productivity through Mediators (OBs/WA)
2.5. Theoretical Framework
3. Method
3.1. Procedure
3.2. Measures
3.3. OCB
3.4. Destructive Deviant Behavior (DDB)
3.5. Constructive Deviant Behavior (CDB)
3.6. Workaholism (WA)
3.7. Work Ethic (WE)/Islamic Work Ethic (IWE)
3.8. Productivity
4. Data Analysis
5. Results and Discussion
5.1. Multiple Regression Results
5.2. Discussion on Hypothesized Model
5.3. Mediation Analysis as per Preacher and Hayes’ Method
6. Conclusions and Recommendations
Limitations of Present Study and Recommendations for Future Researchers
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A. Measures for Variables of the Study
Q # | Question | Strongly Disagree | Disagree | Neutral | Agree | Strongly Agree |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | I willingly give out my time to help others out who have work or study related problems. | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
2 | I am willing to take time out of my busy schedule to help and guide new students. | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
3 | I usually “touch base” with others (communicate) before initiating actions that might affect them. | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
4 | I take steps to try to prevent problems with other students/personnel in the university. | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
5 | I attend functions that are not required (compulsory) but help the university’s image. | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
6 | I attend training/information sessions that I am encouraged to, but not required to attend. | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
7 | I attend and actively participate in university meetings. | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
8 | I consume a lot of time complaining about trivial matters. | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
9 | I always find fault with what the university is doing. | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
10 | I tend to make “mountains out of molehills” or make problems worse than they are. | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
11 | I usually focus on what is wrong with my situation rather than the positive side of it. | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
12 | I rarely take long breaks. | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
13 | I do not take unnecessary time off my studies/work. | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
14 | I do not take extra breaks. | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
15 | My attendance at classes/work is above the norm. | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
16 | I obey university rules and regulations even when no one is watching. | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
Q # | Question | Strongly Disagree | Disagree | Neutral | Agree | Strongly Agree |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Made an ethnic, racial, or religious slur against a classmate. | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
2 | Swore at a classmate (call down upon/curse). | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
3 | Refused to talk to a classmate. | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
4 | Gossiped about my lecturer. | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
5 | Made an obscene comment or gesture at a classmate. | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
6 | Teased a classmate in front of other students. | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
7 | Intentionally arrived late to class. | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
8 | Called in sick when I was not really ill. | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
9 | Took undeserved breaks to avoid work/studies during class. | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
10 | Made unauthorized use of university property. | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
11 | Left class early without permission. | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
12 | Lied about the number of hours I worked on assignments. | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
13 | Worked on a personal matter during the group project instead of doing for my group. | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
14 | Purposely ignored my lecturer’s instruction. | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
Q # | Question | Strongly Disagree | Disagree | Neutral | Agree | Strongly Agree |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Sought to bend or break the rules in order to perform my job/assignment/project/research work. | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
2 | Violated university procedures in order to solve a problem/for betterment of university. | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
3 | Departed from university procedures to solve a problem related to other students/faculty or a customer of university, e.g., some Industrial organization. | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
4 | Bent a rule to satisfy needs of other students/faculty or a customer of university, e.g., some industrial organization. | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
5 | Departed from dysfunctional university policies or procedures to solve a study/research-related problem. | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
6 | Reported a wrongdoing to co-workers/fellow students to bring about a positive organizational change. | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
7 | Did not follow the orders of my supervisor/faculty in order to improve work procedures/studies/research. | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
8 | Disagreed with others in my work/research group/class in order to improve the current work/class/lab procedures. | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
9 | Disobeyed the teacher’s/supervisor’s instructions to perform more efficiently. | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
10 | Reported a wrongdoing to another person in my university/university management to bring about a positive organizational change. | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
Q # | Question | Strongly Disagree | Disagree | Neutral | Agree | Strongly Agree |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | I prefer to do most things myself rather than ask for help. | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
2 | I get very impatient when I have to wait for someone else or when something takes too long, such as long, slow-moving lines. | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
3 | I seem to be in a hurry and racing against the clock. | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
4 | I get irritated when I am interrupted while I am in the middle of something. | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
5 | I stay busy and keep many irons in the fire. | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
6 | I find myself doing two or three things at one time such as eating lunch and writing a memo/doing my assignments, while talking on the telephone. | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
7 | I overly commit myself by biting off more than I can chew. | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
8 | I feel guilty when I am not working on something. | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
9 | It is important that I see the concrete results of what I do. | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
10 | I am more interested in the final result of my work than in the process. | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
11 | Things just never seem to move fast enough or get done fast enough for me. | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
12 | I lose my temper when things don’t go my way or work out to suit me. | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
13 | I ask the same question over again, without realizing it, after I’ve already been given the answer once. | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
14 | I spend a lot of time mentally planning and thinking about future events while tuning out the here and now. | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
15 | I find myself still working after my co-workers have called it quits. | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
16 | I get angry when people don’t meet my standards of perfection. | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
17 | I get upset when I am in situations where I cannot be in control. | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
18 | I tend to put myself under pressure with self-imposed deadlines when I work. | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
19 | It is hard for me to relax when I’m not working. | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
20 | I spend more time working than on socializing with friends, on hobbies, or on leisure activities. | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
21 | I dive into projects to get a head start before all the phases have been finalized. | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
22 | I get upset with myself for making even the smallest mistake. | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
23 | I put more thought, time, and energy into my work than I do into my relationships, with my spouse (or lover) and family. | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
24 | I forget, ignore, or minimize important family celebrations such as birthdays, reunions, anniversaries, or holidays. | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
25 | I make important decisions before I have all the facts and have a chance to think them through thoroughly. | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
Q # | Question | Strongly Disagree | Disagree | Neutral | Agree | Strongly Agree |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | I believe that laziness is a vice (weakness). | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
2 | I believe that dedication to work is a virtue. | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
3 | Good work benefits both one’s self and others. | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
4 | Justice and generosity in the workplace are necessary conditions for society’s welfare. | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
5 | Producing more than enough to meet one’s needs contributes to the prosperity of society as a whole. | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
6 | One should carry work out to the best of one’s ability. | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
7 | Work is not an end in itself but a means to foster personal growth and social relations. | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
8 | Life has no meaning without work. | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
9 | More leisure time is good for society. | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
10 | Human relations should be emphasized and encouraged. | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
11 | Work enables man to control nature. | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
12 | Creative work is a source of happiness and accomplishment. | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
13 | Any person who works hard is more likely to get ahead in life. | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
14 | Work gives one the chance to be independent. | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
15 | A successful person is the one who meets deadlines at work. | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
16 | One should constantly work hard to meet responsibilities. | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
17 | The value of work is delivered from the accompanying intention rather than its result. | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
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IV | DV | R Square | Beta Unstandardized | S.E. | t-Value | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
IWE | CGPA | 0.171 | 0.266 | 0.031 | 8.57 | 0.001 |
OCB | CGPA | 0.322 | 0.501 | 0.039 | 13.17 | 0.001 |
DDB | CGPA | 0.174 | −0.253 | 0.029 | −8.75 | 0.001 |
CDB | CGPA | 0.284 | 0.344 | 0.028 | 12.27 | 0.001 |
WA | CGPA | 0.232 | 0.340 | 032 | 10.15 | 0.001 |
IV | DV | Beta (Unstandardized) | Standardized Beta | S.E. | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
IWE | CGPA | −0.004 | −0.006 | 0.039 | 0.915 |
OCB | CGPA | 0.257 | 0.282 | 0.033 | 0.001 |
DDB | CGPA | −0.34 | −0.54 | 0.038 | 0.378 |
CDB | CGPA | 0.151 | 0.229 | 0.040 | 0.000 |
WA | CGPA | 0.092 | 0.126 | 0.045 | 0.041 |
IV | DV | Path | Coefficient | S.E. | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
IWE | CGPA | C’ | −0.004 | 0.272 | 0.995 |
IWE | OCB | a1 | 0.477 | 0.028 | 0.000 |
IWE | DDB | a2 | −0.513 | 0.047 | 0.000 |
IWE | CDB | a3 | 0.514 | 0.044 | 0.000 |
IWE | WA | a4 | 0.576 | 0.036 | 0.000 |
OCB | CGPA | b1 | 0.257 | 0.073 | 0.001 |
DDB | CGPA | b2 | −0.034 | 0.038 | 0.037 |
CDB | CGPA | b3 | 0.151 | 0.040 | 0.000 |
WA | CGPA | b4 | 0.092 | 0.045 | 0.041 |
IV | Med | DV | Effect (A*B) | S.E. | BootLLCI | BootULCI | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
IWE | OCB | CGPA | 0.122 | 0.031 | 0.050 | 0.195 | ||
IWE | DDB | CGPA | 0.017 | 0.022 | −0.025 | 0.062 | ||
IWE | CDB | CGPA | 0.077 | 0.023 | 0.034 | 0.124 | ||
IWE | WA | CGPA | 0.053 | 0.026 | 0.002 | 0.103 |
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Sattar, H.; Syed, T.H.; Naseem, A.; Ahmad, Y.; Mirza, M.Z.; Raza, M. Uncovering the Indirect Impact of Work Ethic on Engineering Students’ Productivity through Positive and Negative Organizational Behaviors and Workaholism. Sustainability 2021, 13, 2922. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13052922
Sattar H, Syed TH, Naseem A, Ahmad Y, Mirza MZ, Raza M. Uncovering the Indirect Impact of Work Ethic on Engineering Students’ Productivity through Positive and Negative Organizational Behaviors and Workaholism. Sustainability. 2021; 13(5):2922. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13052922
Chicago/Turabian StyleSattar, Humayun, Tasweer Hussain Syed, Afshan Naseem, Yasir Ahmad, Muhammad Zeeshan Mirza, and Masood Raza. 2021. "Uncovering the Indirect Impact of Work Ethic on Engineering Students’ Productivity through Positive and Negative Organizational Behaviors and Workaholism" Sustainability 13, no. 5: 2922. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13052922