A Preliminary Study on the Determination of the Fertilization Tolerance of an Entisol in the Yuanmou Dry-Hot River Valley Based on Soil Qualities in Plot Scale
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area
2.2. Field Experiment and Measurements
2.3. Laboratory Measurements
2.4. Soil Quality Index (SQI)
2.5. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Soil Chemical Properties
3.2. Soil Microbial Quantity
3.3. Soil Enzyme Activities
3.4. Soil Quality Index (SQI)
4. Discussion
4.1. Soil Chemical Properties
4.2. Soil Microbial Biomass
4.3. Soil Enzyme Activities
4.4. Soil Quality Index (SQI)
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Soil Properties | Value | Soil Properties | Value |
---|---|---|---|
Total N (g∙kg−1) | 0.47 ± 0.02 | Ammonifying bacteria (105 cfu ∙ g−1) | 10.13 ± 3.18 |
Total P (g∙kg−1) | 0.30 ± 0.01 | Nitrifying bacteria (104 cfu ∙ g−1) | 6.80 ± 1.35 |
Available N (mg∙ kg−1) | 31.50 ± 2.12 | Organic phosphorus bacteria (103 cfu ∙ g−1) | 33.95 ± 10.01 |
Available P (mg∙ kg−1) | 1.66 ± 0.02 | Inorganic phosphorus bacteria (103 cfu ∙ g−1) | 22.47 ± 8.33 |
Organic matter (g∙ kg−1) | 9.45 ± 0.99 | Denitrifying bacteria (104 cfu ∙ g−1) | 30.70 ± 5.23 |
Bulk density (g∙cm−3) | 1.46 ± 0.22 | Invertase (mg Glucose ∙ g−1) | 2.03 ± 0.10 |
pH value | 8.12 ± 0.03 | Alkaline phosphatase (mg phenol ∙ g−1) | 0.23 ± 0.01 |
Urease (mg NH4+-N ∙ g−1) | 1.85 ± 0.26 |
Slope | Treatments | Total N (g∙kg−1) | Total P (g∙kg−1) | Available N (mg∙kg−1) | Available P (mg∙kg−1) | pH | Organic Matter (g∙kg−1) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
5° | 0.5 CK(T1) | 0.64 ± 0.02 cd | 0.34 ± 0.02 c | 104.74 ± 4.41 c | 17.21 ± 2.65 d | 7.75 ± 0.01 a | 10.78 ± 0.12 c |
1.0 CK(T2) | 0.73 ± 0.06 c | 0.46 ± 0.02 bc | 135.55 ± 5.26 b | 26.54 ± 5.57 c | 7.33 ± 0.03 ab | 12.49 ± 0.43 bc | |
1.5 CK(T3) | 0.87 ± 0.01 a | 0.64 ± 0.01 a | 164.07 ± 4.25 a | 33.22 ± 4.09 a | 7.19 ± 0.03 ab | 12.78 ± 0.25 b | |
2.0 CK(T4) | 0.81 ± 0.02 ab | 0.51 ± 0.02 b | 143.67 ± 10.50 b | 29.56 ± 6.89 b | 7.06 ± 0.05 ab | 14.06 ± 1.17 ab | |
2.5 CK(T5) | 0.76 ± 0.02 bc | 0.45 ± 0.01 bc | 110.25 ± 4.03 c | 19.03 ± 3.94 d | 7.01 ± 0.05 ab | 15.11 ± 0.17 a | |
10° | 0.5 CK(T1) | 0.41 ± 0.01 c | 0.45 ± 0.01 c | 97.33 ± 2.38 b | 26.03 ± 0.29 c | 7.95 ± 0.05 a | 9.75 ± 0.60 c |
1.0 CK(T2) | 0.49 ± 0.04 b | 0.73 ± 0.02 b | 128.84 ± 5.26 b | 47.80 ± 0.58 b | 7.43 ± 0.03 ab | 10.46 ± 0.34 c | |
1.5 CK(T3) | 0.55 ± 0.05 a | 0.74 ± 0.01 b | 133.67 ± 16.34 ab | 49.21 ± 0.70 b | 7.33 ± 0.03 ab | 11.99 ± 1.53 c | |
2.0 CK(T4) | 0.55 ± 0.02 a | 0.82 ± 0.03 a | 149.24 ± 3.34 a | 57.39 ± 0.38 a | 7.25 ± 0.20 ab | 13.39 ± 0.40 b | |
2.5 CK(T5) | 0.44 ± 0.01 c | 0.72 ± 0.03 b | 107.67 ± 2.75 b | 37.70 ± 0.39 c | 7.14 ± 0.01 ab | 14.75 ± 0.23 a |
5° | 10° | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Component | PC1 | PC2 | PC3 | PC4 | PC5 | Component | PC1 | PC2 | PC3 |
Eigenvalue | 4.061 | 2.777 | 1.962 | 1.559 | 1.157 | Eigenvalue | 4.872 | 3.525 | 2.269 |
Variance (%) | 29.006 | 19.835 | 14.016 | 11.134 | 8.267 | Variance (%) | 34.802 | 25.177 | 16.210 |
Cumulative (%) | 29.006 | 48.841 | 62.857 | 73.991 | 82.285 | Cumulative (%) | 34.802 | 59.979 | 76.188 |
Eigenvectors a | |||||||||
TN | 0.846 | 0.256 | 0.084 | 0.106 | 0.197 | TN | 0.880 | 0.322 | −0.242 |
TP | −0.243 | 0.674 | 0.513 | −0.027 | −0.011 | TP | −0.061 | 0.391 | 0.811 |
AN | 0.952 | 0.078 | −0.108 | −0.004 | 0.133 | AN | 0.803 | 0.378 | −0.226 |
AP | −0.056 | 0.614 | 0.423 | 0.141 | 0.468 | AP | 0.135 | 0.362 | 0.801 |
pH | 0.075 | −0.671 | 0.392 | −0.451 | 0.084 | pH | 0.506 | −0.631 | −0.253 |
OM | −0.389 | −0.096 | 0.090 | 0.802 | 0.317 | OM | 0.911 | 0.283 | −0.099 |
AB | −0.456 | 0.299 | 0.404 | −0.531 | −0.274 | AB | 0.051 | −0.969 | 0.074 |
NB | −0.271 | −0.784 | 0.306 | 0.198 | 0.082 | NB | 0.217 | 0.196 | −0.466 |
DB | 0.745 | −0.035 | −0.259 | −0.116 | 0.154 | DB | −0.171 | 0.917 | 0.098 |
OPB | −0.395 | 0.696 | −0.284 | 0.120 | −0.278 | OPB | −0.026 | 0.629 | −0.411 |
IPB | −0.147 | −0.027 | −0.791 | 0.105 | −0.247 | IOPB | 0.134 | 0.438 | −0.339 |
Urease | 0.846 | −0.099 | 0.243 | 0.052 | −0.288 | Urease | 0.883 | −0.289 | 0.135 |
Invertase | 0.034 | 0.349 | −0.384 | −0.490 | 0.523 | Invertase | 0.850 | −0.037 | 0.437 |
Alkaline P | 0.699 | 0.305 | 0.321 | 0.278 | −0.417 | Alkaline P | 0.863 | −0.164 | 0.247 |
5° | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Parameters | Available N (AN) | Nitrifying Bacteria (NB) | Inorganic Phosphorus Bacteria (IPB) | Organic Matter (OM) | Invertase (INTS) |
Average (x0) | 110.54 | 76.67 | 71.73 | 8.29 | 40.24 |
Curve Type * | + | - | - | + | + |
Normalization Equation | Y = 1/(1 + (x/110.54)−2.5) | Y = 1/(1 + (x/76.67)2.5) | Y = 1/(1 + (x/71.73)2.5) | Y = 1/(1 + (x/8.29)−2.5) | Y = 1/(1 + (x/40.24)−2.5) |
10° | |||||
Parameters | Organic matter (OM) | Ammonifying bacteria (AB) | Total P (TP) | ||
Average (x0) | 12.97 | 108.42 | 0.49 | ||
Curve Type * | + | - | + | ||
Normalization Equation | Y = 1/(1 + (x/12.97)−2.5) | Y = 1/(1 + (x/108.42)−2.5) | Y = 1/(1 + (x/0.49)−2.5) |
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Zhao, L.; Fan, M.; Song, J.; Peng, S.; He, Y.; Wei, Y.; Dai, Y.; Liu, G. A Preliminary Study on the Determination of the Fertilization Tolerance of an Entisol in the Yuanmou Dry-Hot River Valley Based on Soil Qualities in Plot Scale. Sustainability 2021, 13, 3626. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13073626
Zhao L, Fan M, Song J, Peng S, He Y, Wei Y, Dai Y, Liu G. A Preliminary Study on the Determination of the Fertilization Tolerance of an Entisol in the Yuanmou Dry-Hot River Valley Based on Soil Qualities in Plot Scale. Sustainability. 2021; 13(7):3626. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13073626
Chicago/Turabian StyleZhao, Li, Min Fan, Jie Song, Sili Peng, Yuxiao He, Yali Wei, Yi Dai, and Gangcai Liu. 2021. "A Preliminary Study on the Determination of the Fertilization Tolerance of an Entisol in the Yuanmou Dry-Hot River Valley Based on Soil Qualities in Plot Scale" Sustainability 13, no. 7: 3626. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13073626