Connectedness to Nature and Pro-Environmental Behaviour from Early Adolescence to Adulthood: A Comparison of Urban and Rural Canada
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. Pro-Environmental Behaviour
1.2. Emotional Connectedness to Nature
1.3. Living Context
1.4. Age-Related Differences in Adolescence
1.5. Gender
1.6. The Present Study
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Sample
2.2. Measures
3. Results
3.1. Emotional Connectedness to Nature Across Gender, Age Groups and Living Contexts
3.2. Fine-Grained Age Analysis
3.3. Pro-Environmental Behaviour across Gender, Age Groups and Living Contexts
3.4. Continuous Predictors of Pro-Environmental Behaviour
3.5. Emotional Connectedness as a Mediator
4. Discussion
5. Limitations
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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12–15 Years | 16–19 Years | 24–29 Years | 35–40 Years | Total | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Rural | Male: 61 Female: 53 | Male: 74 Female: 76 | Male: 74 Female: 76 | Male: 74 Female: 76 | 564 |
Urban | Male: 129 Female: 106 | Male: 78 Female: 74 | Male: 76 Female: 74 | Male: 76 Female: 74 | 687 |
Total | 349 | 302 | 300 | 300 | 1251 |
1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | M | SD | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1. Emotional Connectedness to Nature | 3.64 | 0.57 | |||||
2. Pro-Environmental Behaviour | 0.53 ** | 2.77 | 0.51 | ||||
3. Exact Age | 0.08 ** | 0.09 ** | 23.25 | 9.47 | |||
4. Gender | −0.19 ** | −0.08 | −0.02 | 0.51 | 0.50 | ||
5. Living Context | −0.05 | 0.08 ** | −0.11 ** | 0.02 | 0.55 | 0.50 |
Predictor | Sum of Squares | df | Mean Square | F | p | Partial η2 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Intercept | 16073.158 | 1 | 16073.158 | 52106.771 | 0.000 | 0.98 |
Age | 3.618 | 3 | 1.206 | 3.910 | 0.009 | 0.009 |
Context | 0.682 | 1 | 0.682 | 2.210 | 0.137 | 0.002 |
Gender | 12.756 | 1 | 12.756 | 41.354 | 0.000 | 0.032 |
Age * Context | 0.126 | 3 | 0.042 | 0.136 | 0.939 | 0.000 |
Age * Gender | 1.586 | 3 | 0.529 | 1.714 | 0.162 | 0.004 |
Context * Gender | 0.217 | 1 | 0.217 | 0.704 | 0.402 | 0.001 |
Age * Context * Gender | 1.313 | 3 | 0.438 | 1.419 | 0.236 | 0.003 |
Error | 380.955 | 1235 | 0.308 |
Predictor | Sum of Squares | df | Mean Square | F | p | Partial η2 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Intercept | 9212.104 | 1 | 9212.104 | 35630.119 | 0.000 | 0.97 |
Age | 3.757 | 3 | 1.252 | 4.843 | 0.002 | 0.012 |
Context | 2.565 | 1 | 2.565 | 9.921 | 0.002 | 0.008 |
Gender | 2.102 | 1 | 2.102 | 8.130 | 0.004 | 0.007 |
Age * Context | 0.194 | 3 | 0.065 | 0.250 | 0.861 | 0.001 |
Age * Gender | 0.340 | 3 | 0.113 | 0.438 | 0.726 | 0.001 |
Context * Gender | 0.442 | 1 | 0.442 | 1.710 | 0.191 | 0.001 |
Age * Context * Gender | 0.323 | 3 | 0.108 | 0.416 | 0.742 | 0.001 |
Error | 319.307 | 1235 | 0.259 |
Variable | β | R | R2 | ΔR2 | F | F Change |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Step 1 | 0.54 | 0.29 | 0.29 | 171.76 ** | 171.76 ** | |
Age | 0.07 * | |||||
ECN | 0.53 ** | |||||
Context | 0.11 ** | |||||
Step 2 | 0.54 | 0.29 | 0.29 | 86.44 ** | 1.078 | |
Age | 0.06 * | |||||
ECN | 0.54 ** | |||||
Context | 0.11 ** | |||||
Age * ECN | −0.04 | |||||
Age * Context | −0.03 | |||||
Context * ECN | −0.02 | |||||
Step 3 | 0.54 | 0.29 | 0.29 | 74.03 ** | 0.007 | |
Age | 0.06 * | |||||
ECN | 0.54 ** | |||||
Context | 0.11 ** | |||||
Age * ECN | −0.04 | |||||
Age * Context | −0.02 | |||||
Context * ECN | −0.02 | |||||
Age * ECN * Context | −0.003 |
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Anderson, D.J.; Krettenauer, T. Connectedness to Nature and Pro-Environmental Behaviour from Early Adolescence to Adulthood: A Comparison of Urban and Rural Canada. Sustainability 2021, 13, 3655. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13073655
Anderson DJ, Krettenauer T. Connectedness to Nature and Pro-Environmental Behaviour from Early Adolescence to Adulthood: A Comparison of Urban and Rural Canada. Sustainability. 2021; 13(7):3655. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13073655
Chicago/Turabian StyleAnderson, Daniel J., and Tobias Krettenauer. 2021. "Connectedness to Nature and Pro-Environmental Behaviour from Early Adolescence to Adulthood: A Comparison of Urban and Rural Canada" Sustainability 13, no. 7: 3655. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13073655