Implementing Electromobility in Public Transport in Poland in 1990–2020. A Review of Experiences and Evaluation of the Current Development Directions
Abstract
:1. Introduction
- Do legislative activities in Poland meet the needs of transforming public transport postulated in the European Union legislation?
- When designing urban electric transport development, do cities/transport operators take into account future operating costs sufficiently?
- Do the activities supporting the development of electric public transport treat electric buses and trolleybuses equally?
- What is the quality of government programs endorsing the purchase of rolling stock for public transport?
- Do electric buses play an important (key) role in the public transport system in the public awareness?
- Does the society perceive the development of electric public transport as a way to improve the environment and the living conditions?
2. Scientific Background
2.1. Electric Public Transport in the Concept of Sustainable Development in the European Union
2.2. Idea of Electromobility in Public Transport in Poland
3. Methods and Data
4. Development of Electric Public Transport in Poland in 1990–2020
5. Experience in Implementing Electromobility in Public Transport in Poland in Recent Years
5.1. National Legal Framework
- support for the construction of fast chargers for electric buses,
- financial support (including the construction of chargers),
- legislative support (e.g., facilitating the investment process) [49].
- conditions for the development and rules for the deployment of alternative fuels infrastructure in transport,
- rules for the provision of services of charging electric vehicles,
- obligation to use zero-emission (electric) vehicles by public sector companies.
5.2. National Programs Endorsing the Development of Electromobility in Public Transport
5.2.1. Gazela—Low-Emission Urban Transport
5.2.2. Gepard—Emission-Free Public Transport
5.2.3. Green Public Transport
6. Models of Implementing Electromobility in Public Transport in Poland in the Second Decade of the 21st Century
6.1. Patterns of Actions Taken by Local Authorities Regarding the Development of Electric Public Transport in Poland after Poland’s Accession to the European Union
- I.
- The model of positive action (good road map):
- (a)
- a preliminary decision on the construction or expansion of urban electric transport,
- (b)
- preliminary activities (multi-criteria analysis of the justification of the investment; a stage taking into account the costs of operating the system for at least 20 years),
- (c)
- the final decision to build, expand or not to take action as regards urban electric transport,
- (d)
- effects in the form of an optimal means of public transport in the city with the highest economic efficiency and the lowest environmental impact which can be maintained and developed in a sustainable manner;
- II.
- The model of negative actions (bad road map):
- (a)
- an initial decision to build or expand urban electric transport, with the initial assumption expecting it to be the electric bus,
- (b)
- no preliminary actions or pretend actions (no sufficiently in-depth studies on traffic conditions, economic effects, investment sustainability, etc.),
- (c)
- the final decision to build an electric bus system,
- (d)
- effects in the form of a means of transport mismatched to the functioning of the city, difficulties in maintaining electric buses in the long run, etc.
6.2. Characteristics of City Policies That Fit into Development Models
6.2.1. Olsztyn (Construction of a New Tramway System)
6.2.2. Gdynia, Lublin and Tychy (Introduction of Electric Buses to Operation in Cities with Extensive Trolleybus Infrastructure)
6.2.3. Warsaw (Introduction of Electric Buses to Operation in a Large City with an Extensive Tramway Infrastructure)
6.2.4. Zielona Góra (Introduction of Electric Buses to Operation in a Large City which did Not Have Other Means of Electric Public Transport)
6.2.5. Szczecinek (Introduction of Electric Buses into Operation in a Small Town which did Not Have Other Means of Electric Public Transport)
7. Results of the Survey on the Perception of Electric Public Transport
8. Discussion and Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
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Stage | Research Goals | Materials and Methods |
---|---|---|
1 | Characteristics of the functioning of electrified public transport (operational experience, development of tramway and trolleybus transport) | Materials: data of transport operators (Public Transport Authority) and the results of an expert opinion on the functioning of public transport in Poland Methods: query of materials and scientific sources, quantitative temporal and spatial analysis |
2 | Identification of conditions for the development of electric public transport (electric buses, tramways and trolleybuses) | Materials: data of operators and carriers of public transport Methods: qualitative analysis of strategic documents for the development of the idea of electromobility in public transport in Poland; evaluation of city policies in the field of implementing the idea of electromobility on the basis of undertaken investment activities |
3 | Identification of the social perception of electric public transport | Materials: structured internet survey Methods: quantitative and qualitative analysis of the results of the internet survey |
4 | Synthesis the possibilities and limitations of the development of public transport based on electric buses | Materials: scientific publications, reports on the implementation of the idea of electromobility and sustainable development in public transport Methods: quantitative analysis of the results of internet surveys and qualitative analysis of the conditions for the functioning of the law in the field of electromobility, including government projects |
Feature | Answers | Share |
---|---|---|
Gender | Female | 190 (42%) |
Male | 263 (58%) | |
Age | 18–29 | 150 (33%) |
30–39 | 145 (32%) | |
40–49 | 92 (20%) | |
50–64 | 40 (9%) | |
65 or above | 26 (6%) | |
Level of education | Primary | 15 (3% |
Vocational | 7 (2%) | |
Secondary | 79 (17%) | |
Higher | 352 (78%) | |
Place of residence | A city with its own public transport system | 367 (81%) |
A town served by the public transport of a nearby city | 28 (6%) | |
A village served by the public transport of a nearby city | 29 (7%) | |
A town without a public transport system | 6 (1%) | |
A village without access to public transport | 23 (5%) |
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Połom, M.; Wiśniewski, P. Implementing Electromobility in Public Transport in Poland in 1990–2020. A Review of Experiences and Evaluation of the Current Development Directions. Sustainability 2021, 13, 4009. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13074009
Połom M, Wiśniewski P. Implementing Electromobility in Public Transport in Poland in 1990–2020. A Review of Experiences and Evaluation of the Current Development Directions. Sustainability. 2021; 13(7):4009. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13074009
Chicago/Turabian StylePołom, Marcin, and Paweł Wiśniewski. 2021. "Implementing Electromobility in Public Transport in Poland in 1990–2020. A Review of Experiences and Evaluation of the Current Development Directions" Sustainability 13, no. 7: 4009. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13074009