A Novel Index (RI) to Evaluate the Relative Stability of Soils Using Ultrasonic Agitation
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Material and Methods
2.1. Soil Sampling
2.2. Soil Basic Physical and Chemical Properties
2.3. Aggregate Stability by Wet Sieving
2.4. Relative Stability Index by Ultrasonic Agitation
2.5. Statistical Analysis
3. Result
3.1. Soil Basic Physical and Chemical Properties
3.2. Aggregate Stability Assessment by Wet Sieving
3.3. Soil Overall Disruption Curve (SODC)
3.4. Relative Stability Index (RI)
3.5. Correlation Analysis
4. Discussion
4.1. Relationship between Stability Indexes and Basic Soil Parameters
4.2. Comparative Approach of RI with Other Stability Indexes
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Soil Sample | Altitude (m) | Longitude (E)/Latitude (N) | Slope (°) | Main Vegetation | Soil Type | Sampling Site |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
QL | 754 | 107°39′2.15″/ 34°10′52.14″ | 42 | Oak | loamy soil | Qinling Mountains |
GZ | 549 | 108°0′41.66″/ 34°20′28.46″ | 4 | Zea mays | loamy soil | Guanzhong Plain |
AS | 1091 | 109°15′1.66″/ 36°44′24.54″ | 2 | Sophora davidii, Artemisia gmelinii, Artemisia scoparia | sandy soil | Ansai |
JB | 162 | 108°52′56.50″/ 37°30′12.00″ | 2 | Salix, wheatgrass, Lespedeza, Oxytropis, Cleistogenes | sandy soil | Jingbian |
Soil Sample | Depth (cm) | pH | SOM (%) | Exchangeable Cations (g/Kg) | Clay (%) | Silt (%) | Sand (%) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mn | Mg | Fe | |||||||
QL | 0–20 | 7.12 ± 0.46 B | 1.86 ± 0.26 A | 0.62 ± 0.04 A | 11.43 ± 5.61 A | 19.26 ± 3.2 A | 24.37 ± 3.0 A | 33.95 ± 1.66 A | 41.68 ± 4.64 C |
20–40 | 6.34 ± 0.29 c | 1.59 ± 0.58 a | 0.46 ± 0.03 a | 9.78 ± 1.42 a | 19.48 ± 3.9 a | 23.75 ± 0.33 a | 33.98 ± 1.71 a | 42.26 ± 1.50 c | |
GZ | 0–20 | 8.51 ± 0.06 A | 1.26 ± 0.50 B | 0.35 ± 0.17 B | 6.87 ± 4.61 C | 9.81 ± 2.4 BC | 24.69 ± 2.35 A | 32.68 ± 0.74 A | 42.62 ± 3.08 C |
20–40 | 8.56 ± 0.11 a | 1.45 ± 0.31 b | 0.46 ± 0.00 a | 7.82 ± 3.83 c | 14.38 ± 9.4 b | 25.39 ± 1.13 a | 33.58 ± 0.72 a | 41.02 ± 1.81 c | |
AS | 20–40 | 8.93 ± 0.03 A | 0.89 ± 0.43 C | 0.33 ± 0.04 B | 9.21 ± 2.33 B | 14.44 ± 1.9 B | 7.64 ± 0.77 C | 18.27 ± 0.94 B | 69.72 ± 1.64 B |
20–40 | 8.89 ± 0.10 a | 0.54 ± 0.13 c | 0.33 ± 0.04 b | 9.56 ± 1.41 a | 12.55 ± 3.9 c | 11.97 ± 0.33 b | 18.57 ± 1.17 b | 69.44 ± 1.50 b | |
JB | 0–20 | 8.98 ± 0.07 A | 1.60 ± 0.18 AB | 0.21 ± 0.08 C | 6.56 ± 2.87 C | 9.75 ± 3.6 BC | 12.01 ± 1.21 B | 8.80 ± 1.47 C | 83.55 ± 2.50 A |
20–20 | 8.93 ± 0.46 a | 0.53 ± 0.19 c | 0.23 ± 0.02 c | 8.2 ± 1.12 bc | 8.64 ± 2.6 d | 6.48 ± 1.31 c | 8.08 ± 2.36 c | 85.43 ± 3.66 a |
0–20 cm | 20–40 cm | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Soil Sample | MC (mm) | D (mm) | Ki (g J−1) | Soil Sample | MC (mm) | D (mm) | Ki (g J−1) |
AS | 0.050 | 0.147 | 0.020 | AS | 0.048 | 0.187 | 0.094 |
JB | 0.085 | 0.069 | 0.010 | JB | 0.094 | 0.098 | 0.015 |
QL | 0.202 | 0.382 | 0.008 | QL | 0.089 | 0.494 | 0.018 |
GZ | 0.038 | 0.282 | 0.015 | GZ | 0.041 | 0.457 | 0.021 |
0–20 cm | 20–40 cm | ||
---|---|---|---|
Soils | RI (J g−1 mm−1) | Soils | RI (J g−1 mm−1) |
AS | 411.61 ± 14.03 B | AS | 162.72 ± 26.06 b |
JB | 1612.95 ± 86.35 A | JB | 736.32 ± 38.57 a |
QL | 328.48 ± 10.90 BC | QL | 126.71 ± 3.94 bc |
GZ | 245.75 ± 21.898 C | GZ | 103.70 ± 3.48 c |
Clay | Silt | Sand | SOM | pH | Mn | Mg | Fe | RI | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
RI | −0.68 | −0.74 * | 0.72 * | −0.43 | 0.41 | −0.64 | −0.51 | −0.51 | 1 |
MWD | 0.83 * | 0.85 ** | −0.84 ** | 0.94 ** | −0.74 * | 0.97 ** | 0.67 | 0.84 ** | −0.57 |
GMD | 0.82 * | 0.83 * | −0.83 * | 0.97 ** | −0.74 * | 0.95 ** | 0.63 | 0.80 * | −0.52 |
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Abbas, F.; Lin, F.; Zhu, Z.; An, S. A Novel Index (RI) to Evaluate the Relative Stability of Soils Using Ultrasonic Agitation. Sustainability 2021, 13, 4229. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13084229
Abbas F, Lin F, Zhu Z, An S. A Novel Index (RI) to Evaluate the Relative Stability of Soils Using Ultrasonic Agitation. Sustainability. 2021; 13(8):4229. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13084229
Chicago/Turabian StyleAbbas, Fakher, Fang Lin, Zhaolong Zhu, and Shaoshan An. 2021. "A Novel Index (RI) to Evaluate the Relative Stability of Soils Using Ultrasonic Agitation" Sustainability 13, no. 8: 4229. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13084229