Sustainable Urban Mobility Plan and Health Security
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. Sustainable Mobility Pre- and during Corona Virus Disease-19 (COVID)
- to allow safe, economically feasible and socially acceptable access to people, places, goods, and services;
- to be designed in a way that is compatible with the health and safety of the population;
- to meet the needs of different categories in society and for different generations;
- to use renewable resources at a level below their regeneration rate and non-renewable resources at a level below the development rates of renewable substitutes;
- to achieve generally accepted goals for health and environmental quality;
- to protect ecosystems by avoiding excess loads and critical levels for their integrity;
- not to aggravate adverse global phenomena such as climate change;
- promote education and community participation in transport decisions;
- to put the overall capacity of the system before the peak performance of some of its components and the efficiency and regularity at maximum speed;
1.2. Safe Mobility in Health Emergency: Virtuous Experiences
“Many European cities are taking steps to make active mobility (e.g., walking and cycling) a safe and more attractive mobility option during the COrona VIrus Disease-19 (COVID) outbreak. Urban areas could consider temporary enlargements of pavements and increased space on the road for active mobility options to facilitate the needs of the population to move in a safe and efficient way, while reducing speed limits of vehicles in increased active mobility areas”.[34]
2. Conceptual Section
“The basic idea of both is protecting assets from hazards/threats creating safe/secure conditions. The condition safety is about being protected, while the condition security is about being free from danger”.[49]
- traffic calming measures in residential areas (“traffic calming” actions). These actions aim to increase the safety of the most vulnerable users (such as pedestrians and cyclists) by reducing the speed of vehicles through the use, for example, of slowdown bumps, mini-rotatory, limited speed zones (zone 30);
- redistribution of traffic (blocking roads, one-way streets or restricted traffic areas);
- changes in the road environment (for example, the introduction of trees and plants);
- improvement in road visibility (changes in the illumination or treatment of the road’s surface;
- incentives for the use of immobility;
- incentives for the use of bicycles through the creation or improvement of cycle paths.
- Long-term vision and clear implementation plan;
- Participatory approach;
- Balanced and integrated development of all transport modes;
- Horizontal and vertical integration;
- Assessment of current and future performance;
- Regular monitoring, reviewing, and reporting;
- Consideration of external costs for all transport modes.
3. Methodology
- trend/number of deaths per day, week, etc.;
- trend/number of infected daily, weekly, etc.;
- trend/number of healed daily;
- prevention actions by law (social distancing to be guaranteed in public transport places and services; self-protection health devices/protective devices—masks, gloves, etc.; sanitation).
- perceived social distancing;
- presence of protective factors;
- sanitation;
- prevention.
4. Application and Results
5. Discussion
6. Conclusions
7. Limitations and Recommendations for Future Studies
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Chong, B. Five City Resilience Lessons from the Coronavirus. Hong Kong. 2020. Available online: https://www.arup.com/perspectives/five-city-resilience-lessons-from-coronavirus (accessed on 20 May 2020).
- Pirlone, F.; Spadaro, I. The resilient city and adapting to the health emergency. TeMA J. Land Use Mobil. Environ. 2020, 305–314. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- INAIL. Documento tecnico sulla possibile rimodulazione delle misure di contenimento del contagio da SARS-CoV-2 nei luoghi di lavoro e strategie di prevenzione. Dip. Med. Epidemiol. Ig. Lav. Ambient. 2020, 9, 1–32. [Google Scholar]
- INAIL. Indagine Nazionale Sulla Salute e Sicurezza Sul Lavoro; INAIL: Milano, Italy, 2020. [Google Scholar]
- Buhrmann, S.; Wefering, F.; Rupprecht, S. Guidelines for Developing and Implementing a Sustainable Urban Mobility Plan, 2nd ed. Rupprecht Consult-Forschung und Beratung GmbH. 2019. Available online: https://www.eltis.org/sites/default/files/guidelines_for_developing_and_implementing_a_sustainable_urban_mobility_plan_2nd_edition.pdf (accessed on 1 January 2019).
- European Parliament. Policy Department for Structural and Cohesion Policies; European Parliament: Brussels, Belgium, 2006.
- Centro Studi FEDER Trasporto. Città e trasporto: Politiche per la Mobilità Sostenibile; SIPI: Roma, Italy, 2000. [Google Scholar]
- Holden, E.; Fistola, R.; Gallo, M.; La Rocca, R.A.; Raimondo, M. Soft mobility in the “oblique city. In Town and Infrastructure Planning for Safety and Urban Quality; Pezzagno, M., Tira, M., Eds.; Taylor & Francis Group: London, UK, 2018; pp. 319–326. [Google Scholar]
- Holden, E.; Gilpin, G.; Banister, D. Sustainable Mobility at Thirty. Sustainability 1965, 11, 1965. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Gallo, M.; De Luca, G.; De Martinis, V. The effects of urban traffic plans on noise abatement: A case study. In The Sustainable City IX—Urban Regeneration and Sustainability; Marchettini, N., Brebbia, C.A., Pulselli, R., Bastianoni, S., Eds.; WIT Transactions on Ecology and Environment Series; WIT Press: Southampton, UK, 2014; Volume 191, pp. 583–594. [Google Scholar]
- De Maio, E.; De Maio, F. I benefici della mobilità sostenibile sulla salute. un nuovo approccio per città verdi e sane: Dall’ambiente costruito all’ambiente percepito. In ISPRA Stato Dell’ambiente; ISPRA: Roma, Italy, 2017. [Google Scholar]
- Böhm, M.; Flechl, B.; Frötscher, A. ICT Concepts for Optimization of Mobility in Smart Cities; The Publications Office of the European Union: Brussels, Belgium, 2013; ISBN 978-92-79-28716-9. [Google Scholar]
- Candia, S.; Pirlone, F. Cycle Sustainability. TeMA J. Land Use Mobil. Environ. 2015, 8, 83–101. [Google Scholar]
- Candia, S.; Pirlone, F.; Spadaro, I. Mobilità e Sharing Economy—Razionalizzazione e Potenziamento Della Mobilità Nelle Aree Interne, Urbanpromo XIII; Planum Publisher: Roma, Milano, Italy, 2016; pp. 30–36. ISSN 9-788899-237059. [Google Scholar]
- Dupuy, G. Les Territoires de L’automobile; Anthropos Collection Villes: Parigi, France, 1995; pp. 1–216. [Google Scholar]
- Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament; the Council; the European Economic and Social Committee; the Committee of the Regions. Next Steps for a Sustainable European Future European Action for Sustainability; EUROPEAN COMMISSION: Strasbourg, France, 2016; COM/2016/0739 final. [Google Scholar]
- World Business Council for Sustainable Development Mobility 2030. In Meeting the Challenges to Sustainability, The Sustainable Mobility Project; Full Report 2004; World Business Council for Sustainable Development: Geneva, Switzerland, 2004.
- United Nations. Transforming Our World: The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. In Proceedings of the General Assembly, New York, NY, USA, 25 September 2015. [Google Scholar]
- European Commission. Green Paper on the Impact of Transport on the Environment; A Community Strategy for ‘Sustainable Mobility’, COM (92) 46 Final; Commission of the European Communities: Brussels, Belgium, 1992. [Google Scholar]
- European Commission. White Paper. Roadmap to a Single European Transport Area—Towards a Competitive and Resource Efficient Transport System; COM (2011) 144 Final; Commission of the European Communities: Brussels, Belgium, 2011. [Google Scholar]
- Commission of the European Communities. The Common Transport Policy—Sustainable Mobility: Perspectives for the Future; COM (98) 716 Final; Commission of the European Communities: Brussels, Belgium, 1998. [Google Scholar]
- Commission of the European Communities. White Paper. European Transport Policy for 2010: Time to Decide; COM (2001) 370 Final; Commission of the European Communities: Brussels, Belgium, 2001. [Google Scholar]
- Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament; the Council; the European Economic and Social Committee; the Committee of the Regions. A European Strategy for Low-Emission Mobility; COM(2016) 501; European Commission: Brussels, Belgium, 2016. [Google Scholar]
- World Health Organization. Ambient Air Pollution: A Global Assessment of Exposure and Burden of Disease; WHO Document Production Services; World Health Organization: Geneva, Switzerland, 2019. [Google Scholar]
- World Health Organization. Global Status Report on Road Safety 2018; WHO Document Production Services; World Health Organization: Geneva, Switzerland, 2018. [Google Scholar]
- Yue, W.S.; Chye, K.K.; Hoy, C.W. Towards S mart mobility in urban spaces: Bus tracking and information application. AIP Conf. Proc. 2017, 1891, 201–245. [Google Scholar]
- UNDP—United Nations Development Program. COVID-19 Pandemic. Humanity Needs Leadership and Solidarity to Defeat the Coronavirus. 2020. Available online: https://www.undp.org/content/undp/en/home/coronavirus.html (accessed on 3 June 2020).
- WHO—World Health Organization. Situation Report 145. 2020. Available online: https://www.who.int/docs/defaultsource/coronaviruse/situation-reports/20200613-covid-19-sitrep-145.pdf?sfvrsn=bb7c1dc9_2 (accessed on 14 June 2020).
- Snowden, F.M. Epidemics and Society: From the Black Death to the Present; Yale University Press: New Haven, CT, USA, 2019. [Google Scholar]
- International Transport Forum. COVID-19 Transport Brief. Transport Policy Responses to the Coronavirus Crisis; International Transport Forum: Paris, France, 2020. [Google Scholar]
- Pluchino, A.; Inturri, G.; Rapisarda, A.; Biondo, A.E.; Le Moli, R.; Zappalà, C.; Giuffrida, N.; Russo, G.; Latora, V. Novel Methodology for Epidemic Risk Assessment: The case of COVID-19 Outbreak in Italy; 2020. Available online: https://arxiv.org/abs/2004.02739 (accessed on 6 April 2020).
- Coppola, P.; De Fabiis, F. Evolution of mobility sector during and beyond Covid-19: A Viewpoint of industries, consultancies and public transport companies. TeMA J. Land Use Mobil. Environ. 2020, 81–90. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Boschetto, P. Covid-19 and simplification of urban planning tools. The residual plan. TeMA J. Land Use Mobil. Environ. 2020, 9–16. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- European Commission. COVID-19: Guidelines on the Progressive Restoration of Transport Services and Connectivity; European Commission: Brussels, Belgium, 2020; Available online: https://ec.europa.eu/info/sites/info/files/communication_transportservices.pdf (accessed on 13 May 2020).
- Lozzi, G.; Rodrigues, M.; Marcucci, E.; Teoh, T.; Gatta, V.; Pacelli, V. Research for TRAN Committee—COVID-19 and Urban Mobility: Impacts and Perspectives; European Parliament, Policy Department for Structural and Cohesion Policies: Brussels, Belgium, 2020.
- Lozzi, G.; Rodrigues, M.; Marcucci, E.; Gatta, V.; Teoh, T.; Ramos, C.; Jonkers, E. Research for TRAN Committee—Sustainable and Smart Urban Transport; European Parliament, Policy Department for Structural and Cohesion Policies: Brussels, Belgium, 2020.
- Tira, M. About the Sustainability of Urban Settlements: A first reflection on the correlation between the spread of Covid-19 and the regional average population density in Italy. TeMA J. Land Use Mobil. Environ. 2020, 363–371. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- De Luca, C.; Tondelli, S.; Åberg, H.E. The Covid-19 pandemic effects in rural areas Turning challenges into opportunities for rural regeneration. TeMA J. Land Use Mobil. Environ. 2020, 119–132. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Environmental Systems Resource Institute. Geographic Information Systems for Coronavirus Planning and Response. 2020. Available online: https://www.esri.com/training/catalog/5e8d11541fe054449dca8132/geographicinformation-systems-for-coronavirus-planning-and-response (accessed on 1 March 2020).
- Environmental Systems Resource Institute. Facility Mapping Solutions for COVID-19 Response cGIS Location Tracking Privacy Best Practices. 2020. Available online: https://www.esri.com/content/dam/esrisites/en-us/media/whitepaper/facility-mapping-covid19-response.pdf (accessed on 1 April 2020).
- Urban Radar. Transportation Trends in the First Weeks of COVID-19: A Look at European Cities. 2020. Available online: https://medium.com/@TwelveTone/transportation-trends-in-the-first-weeks-of-covid19-a-lookat-european-citiesdbcf94ff488 (accessed on 23 July 2020).
- Deponte, D.; Fossa, G.; Gorrini, A. Shaping space for ever-changing mobility. Covid-19 lesson learned from Milan and its region. TeMA J. Land Use Mobil. Environ. 2020, 133–149. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Legge 17 luglio 2020, n. 77 Conversione in Legge, con Modificazioni, del Decreto-Legge 19 Maggio 2020, n. 34, Recante Misure Urgenti in Materia di Salute, Sostegno al Lavoro e All’economia, Nonche’ di Politiche Sociali Connesse All’emergenza Epidemiologica da COVID-19. 2020. Available online: https://www.gazzettaufficiale.it/eli/id/2020/07/18/20G00095/sg (accessed on 19 July 2020).
- Decreto-legge 14 agosto 2020, n. 104 Misure Urgenti per il Sostegno e il Rilancio Dell’economia. 2020. Available online: https://www.gazzettaufficiale.it/eli/id/2020/08/14/20G00122/sg (accessed on 15 August 2020).
- Fleury, D. Sécurité et Urbanisme: La Prise en Compte de la Sécurité Routiére dans L’aménagement; Presse de l’ENPC: Paris, France, 1998. [Google Scholar]
- Fleury, D. Sicurezza e Urbanistica; Gangemi: Roma, Italy, 2012; traduzione e a cura di M. Tira. [Google Scholar]
- Fubini, A. Il Difficile Rapporto tra Pianificazione Urbanistica e Della Mobilità, in Riganti P., Città, Attività, Spostamenti; Carocci: Roma, Italy, 2008. [Google Scholar]
- Dillon, M. Politics of Security: Towards a Political Philosophy of Continental Thought; Routledge: London, UK, 1996; pp. 16, 125. [Google Scholar]
- Albrechtsen, E. Security and safety. Nor. Univ. Sci. Technol. J. 2003. Available online: https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Security-vs-safety-Albrechtsen/451c18d9b07ecda89b367095c48582358a1f3c51 (accessed on 1 April 2021).
- ISTAT. Spostamenti Quotidiani e Nuove Forme di Mobilità 2017; Statistiche Report; ISTAT: Roma, Italy, 2018. [Google Scholar]
- ISTAT. Gli Spostamenti sul Territorio Prima del Covid-19. 2020. Available online: https://www.istat.it/it/archivio/242574 (accessed on 8 May 2020).
- Maternini, G.; Bonera, M. Introduzione. In Mobilità Ciclistica e Sicurezza Stradale; Giuliani, F., Maternini, G., Eds.; EGAF: Forlì, Italy, 2018; pp. 9–14. [Google Scholar]
- Bonera, M.; Maternini, G. Analisi degli incidenti. In IT—Sicurezza Stradale; Malavasi, G., Ed.; EGAF: Forlì, Italy, 2019. [Google Scholar]
- LTA (Land Transport Authority). Land Transport Master Plan 2040. Available online: https://www.lta.gov.sg/content/ltaweb/en/about-lta/what-we-do/ltmp2040.html (accessed on 9 July 2019).
- Manucci, P.M.; Franchini, M. Health effects of ambient air pollution in developing countries. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2017, 14, 1048. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Manisalidis, I.; Stavropoulou, E.; Stavropoulos, A.; Bezirtzoglou, E. Environmental and Health Impacts of Air Pollution: A Review. Front. Public Health 2020, 8, 14. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- European Commission. Europe on the Move—An Agenda for a Socially Fair Transition towards Clean, Competitive and Connected Mobility for All; COM/2017/0283 Final; Commission of the European Communities: Brussel, Belgium, 2017. [Google Scholar]
- Åkerman, J. Sustainable air transport—On track in 2050. Transp. Res. Part D 2005, 10, 111–126. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Karl, T.R.; Melillo, J.M.; Peterson, T.C. (Eds.) USGCRP Global Climate Change Impacts in the United States. In Climate Change Impacts by Sectors: Ecosystems; United States Global Change Research Program; Cambridge University Press: New York, NY, USA, 2009. [Google Scholar]
- Eze, I.C.; Schaffner, E.; Fischer, E.; Schikowski, T.; Adam, M.; Imboden, M.; Tsai, M.; Carballo, D.; von Eckardstein, A.; Künzli, N.; et al. Long-term air pollution exposure and diabetes in a population-based Swiss cohort. Environ. Int. 2014, 70, 95–105. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Kelishadi, R.; Poursafa, P. Air pollution and non-respiratory health hazards for children. Arch. Med. Sci. 2010, 6, 483–495. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Molina, L.T.; Velasco, E.; Retama, A.; Zavala, M. Experience from Integrated Air Quality Management in the Mexico City Metropolitan Area and Singapore. Atmosphere 2009, 10, 512. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- European Commission. Directive 2002/49/EC of the European Parliament and of Council of 25 June 2002 Relating to the Assessment and Management of Environmental Noise; L. 189/12, 18.7.2002; Official Journal of the European Communities: Brussels, Belgium, 2002. [Google Scholar]
- European Commission. Action Plan on Urban Mobility; COM(2009) 490; European Commission: Brussels, Belgium, 2009. [Google Scholar]
- Socco, C. Il piano Urbano di Mobilità Sostenibile; Alinea: Torino, Italy, 2010. [Google Scholar]
- Del Signore, S. Il Piano Urbano Della Mobilità Sostenibile: Dalle Linee Guida Europee All’applicazione Nelle Aree Metropolitane Italiane. Master’s Thesis, Rel Starico L., Politecnico di Torino, Italy, 2014. [Google Scholar]
- Eltis. Linee guida del PUMS; Eltis: Bruxelles, Belgium, 2014. [Google Scholar]
- Eltis. Linee guida del PUMS; Eltis: Bruxelles, Belgium, 2019. [Google Scholar]
- Tira, M. Accessibilità e sicurezza degli spazi pubblici urbani. In Design for All; Arenghi, A., Ed.; UTET: Milan, Italy, 2007. [Google Scholar]
- Tira, M.; Tiboni, M.; Rossetti, S.; De Robertis, M. Smart planning to enhance non motorised and safe mobility in today’s cities. In Green Energy and Technology; Springer: Singapore, 2018; Volume PartF12, pp. 201–214. [Google Scholar]
- Pirlone, F.; Spadaro, I. Accessibilità, sicurezza e incentivi nelle strategie di mobilità sostenibile. L’esperienza virtuosa di Genova. In Atti della XXII Conferenza Nazionale SIU-L’urbanistica Italiana di Fronte All’agenda 2030 per lo Sviluppo Sostenibile, AA.VV; Planum Publisher: Roma, Italy; Milano, Italy, 2020; pp. 946–951. ISBN 9788899237219. [Google Scholar]
- Pirlone, F.; Spadaro, I. Il Piano di mobilità sostenibile metropolitano per una pianificazione e gestione integrata tra aree interne e città: Il caso di Genova. In Territori Competitivi e Progetti di Reti/Competitive Territories and Design of Networks; Moccia, F.D., Sepe, M., Eds.; INU Edizioni: Roma, Italy, 2017; pp. 489–495. ISBN 978-88-7603-174-8. [Google Scholar]
- Candia, S.; Pirlone, F.; Spadaro, I. Sustainable urban mobility and urban safety and security. Case study: The city centre of Genoa. In Urban Transport; Ortega Riejos, F.A., Ed.; WIT Transactions on The Built Environment; WIT Press: Southampton, UK, 2019; Volume 182, pp. 187–198. ISBN 978-1-78466-299-8. [Google Scholar]
- OECD-ITF. Pedestrian Safety, Urban Space and Health; OECD-ITF: Paris, France, 2011. [Google Scholar]
- Petropoulos, F.; Makridakis, S. Forecasting the Novel Coronavirus COVID-19. PLoS ONE 2020, 15, e0231236. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Perra, V.M.; Sdoukopoulos, A.; Pitsiava-Latinopoulou, M. Evaluation of sustainable urban mobility in the city of Thessaloniki. Transp. Res. Procedia 2017, 24, 329–336. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Savadori, L.; Rumiati, R. Nuovi Rischi e Vecchie Paure; Il Mulino: Bologna, Italy, 2005. [Google Scholar]
- Slovic, P. The Perception of Risk; Earthscan Publications: London, UK, 2000. [Google Scholar]
- Comune di La Spezia. PUMS-PUT. 2018. Available online: http://www.comune.laspezia.it/export/sites/SPEZIAnet/Aree_tematiche/Ambiente/Notizie/Documenti/determina1.pdf (accessed on 11 July 2018).
- The World Commission on Environment and Development. Our Common Future; Oxford University Press: Oxford, UK, 1987. [Google Scholar]
- Tiezzi, E.; Marchettini, N. Che Cos’è lo Sviluppo Sostenibile? Donzelli Editore: Roma, Italy, 1999. [Google Scholar]
- Candia, S.; Pirlone, F.; Spadaro, I. Soft mobility & old town centres. In Atti XXIII International Conference Living and Walking in Cities “Town and Infrastructure Planning for Safety and Urban Quality”; Pezzagno, M., Tira, M., Eds.; Taylor & Francis Group: London, UK, 2018; pp. 377–384. ISBN 978-0-8153-8731-2. [Google Scholar]
- Candia, S.; Pirlone, F.; Spadaro, I.; Ugolini, P. Waterfront and Sustainable Mobility. The case study of Genoa. In Transport Infrastructure and System; Dell’Acqua, G., Wegman, F., Eds.; Taylor & Francis Group: London, UK, 2017; pp. 661–669. ISBN 9781138030091. [Google Scholar]
- Curtis, C.; Scheurer, J. Planning for sustainable accessibility: Developing tools to aid discussion and decision-making. Prog. Plan. 2010, 74, 53–106. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Davico, L.; Mela, A.; Staricco, L. Città Sostenibili. Una Prospettiva Sociologica; Carocci: Roma, Italy, 2009. [Google Scholar]
- Banister, D. Cities, mobility and climate change. J. Transp. Geogr. 2011, 19, 1538–1546. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kenworthy, J. The eco-city: Ten key transport and planning dimensions for sustainable city development. Environ. Urban. 2006, 18, 67–85. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- La Rocca, R. La mobilità negli strumenti di governo delle trasformazioni urbane. TeMA J. Land Use Mobil. Environ. 2010. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lanzi, G. Le Valutazioni Nelle Politiche di Sicurezza Urbana per lo Sviluppo Sostenibile Delle Città; Doctorate Thesis, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Napoli, Italy, 2011. [Google Scholar]
- Pinna, F.; Masala, F.; Garau, C. Urban Policies and Mobility Trends in Italian Smart Cities. Sustainability 2017, 9, 494. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Moraci, F.; Errigo, M.F.; Fazia, C.; Campisi, T.; Castelli, F. Cities under pressure: Strategies and tools to face climate change and pandemic. Sustainability 2020, 12, 7743. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Walloth, C.; Gurr, J.M.; Schmidt, J.A. Understanding Complex Urban Systems: Multidisciplinary Approaches to Modeling; Springer International Publishing: Cham, Switzerland, 2014. [Google Scholar]
- Pirlone, F.; Spadaro, I.; Candia, S. More Resilient Cities to Face Higher Risks. The Case of Genoa. Sustainability 2020, 12, 4825. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Chapman, S.; Sullivan, C.; Palm, C.; Huynh, U.; Diru, W.; Masira, J. Monitoring and evaluation to support adaptive co-management: Lessons learned from the Millennium Villages Project. J. Environ. Manag. 2016, 183, 142–151. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Figenbaum, E.; Assum, T.; Kolbenstvedt, M. Electromobility in Norway: Experiences and Opportunities. Res. Transp. Econ. 2015, 50, 29–38. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Whitelegg, J. Transport for a Sustainable Future. The Case for Europe; Wiley: London, UK, 1993. [Google Scholar]
- Gariazzo, C.; Pelliccioni, A.A. Multi-City Urban Population Mobility Study Using Mobile Phone Traffic Data. Appl. Spat. Anal. Policy 2019, 12, 753–771. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Herrador, M.; Carvalho, A.; Feito, F.R. An Incentive-Based Solution of Sustainable Mobility for Economic Growth and CO2 Emissions Reduction. Sustainability 2015, 7, 6119–6148. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Høyer, K.G. Sustainable Mobility—The Concept and Its Implications. Ph.D. Thesis, Western Norway Research Institute, Sogndal, Norway, 2000. [Google Scholar]
- Cerreta, M.; Salzano, I. Green Urban Catalyst: An Ex Post Evaluation of Sustainability Practices. In Proceedings REAL CORP 2009 Tagungsband; 2009; Available online: https://programm.corp.at/cdrom2009/papers2009/CORP2009_20.pdf (accessed on 26 January 2021).
- Bergek, A.; Jacobsson, S.; Carlsson, B.; Lindmark, S.; Rickne, A. Analizzando le dinamiche funzionali dei sistemi di innovazione tecnologica: Uno schema di analisi. Ris. Policy 2008, 37, 407–429. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Bertolini, L.; le Clercq, F. Urban Development without more Mobility by Car? Lessons from Amsterdam, a Multimodal Urban Region. Environ. Plan. 2003, 35, 575–589. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Black, W.R. Transportation: A Geographical Analysis; Guilford Press: Londra, UK, 2003. [Google Scholar]
- Campisi, T.; Basbas, S.; Skoufas, A.; Akgün, N.; Ticali, D.; Tesoriere, G. The Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic on the Resilience of Sustainable Mobility in Sicily. Sustainability 2020, 12, 8829. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Busi, R. Methods, Techniques and Policies for Mobility in the Friendly City; Trimestrale del Laboratorio Territorio Mobilità e Ambiente—TeMALab; 2011; Volume 4, pp. 7–18. Available online: http://www.tema.unina.it (accessed on 26 July 2020).
- Sá, N.L.; Gouveia, J.B. Sustainable mobility—Analysis of sustainable mobility measures in cities. WIT Trans. Ecol. Environ. 2010, 142, 157–168. [Google Scholar]
- Ombuen, S. Pianificazione urbanistica e mobilità locale sostenibile. In ISPRA Stato Dell’ambiente; ISPRA: Roma, Italy, 2017. [Google Scholar]
Scenario 1: Return of the urban mobility system to the pre-corona virus disease-19 (COVID) situation | This scenario seems unrealistic in the short term today. In this circumstance, if the virus is eradicated quickly, without significant intervention by the authorities, people will return to their previous habits of transport including travel to the workplace and leisure. Some will be resistant to the use of public transport, but others will be forced by the economic crisis. The increase in active modes, due to the local measures, such as new cycle paths, will have little effect. |
Scenario 2: Prevalence of demand for private mobility (use of the car) | In a situation of uncertainty, characterized by a high risk of contagion, the demand for private transport will continue to increase in the short to medium term. Its type and scope will depend on the presence of subsidies or incentives for the purchase of cars, including electric ones. |
Scenario 3: Reduction in the demand for mobility | The need to travel and the duration of the journey can be reduced if the mobility system is well organized. Maintaining full or partial teleworking, flexible working hours, and store openings can reduce the demand for transportation. On the one hand, the pandemic has favored the growth of e-commerce, which can lead to fewer trips to shop and the rediscovery of shops and neighborhood businesses. |
Scenario 4: Achievement of integrated multimodal mobility (active mobility, public transport, and shared mobility) | This scenario promotes a multimodal and integrated transport system in which sustainable mobility is a key element and in which cities are redesigned for people. A system in which the most efficient and sustainable modes are a priority and the transport offer is integrated both from the point of view of planning and user experience. |
EXTRACT FROM SURVEY |
---|
PRE-COVID SITUATION |
Before the pandemic what means/methods did you use to get to work/school? |
How many minutes did it take to get to school/work? |
He/She owned a pass for public transport |
… |
DURING COVID SITUATION |
What means/mobility do you currently use to go to work/school/other? |
Do you feel safe (from a health point of view) to take the bus/train/subway or any shared vehicle? |
In this period of health emergency, how much economic incentives have affected your purchases of means of mobility (electric scooter, electric bike/bike, electric car) |
If possible, would you be available to change the time slots and/or days of your academic/work activity in order to avoid the excessive concentration of people moving at the same time? |
In your opinion, how many meters are needed as a safe distance? |
Do you think the mask is useful? |
Do you think it is useful to sanitize your hands often? |
… |
OPEN QUESTIONS |
Would use public transport (bus, train, subway) if: … |
Would you use the bike if: … |
What interventions would you propose to improve mobility from the health point of view? … |
What incentives would you propose to promote sustainable mobility? … |
… |
CHALLENGE | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
CONGESTION | HEALTH | SAFETY AND SECURITY | PARTECIPATION | STRATEGIC PLANNING | GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE | ||
SOLUTIONS/GOOD PRACTICES | CLEAN FUEL AND VEHICLES For example, hybrid or electric machines | ⸙ | ⸙⸙⸙⸙ | ⸙ | ⸙ | ⸙⸙ | ⸙⸙⸙ |
URBAN FREIGHT: less polluting freight transport | ⸙⸙ | ⸙⸙⸙⸙ | ⸙⸙⸙ | ⸙⸙⸙ | ⸙⸙⸙ | ⸙⸙ | |
DEMAND MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES: promote sustainable public transport or increase the frequency of public transport | ⸙⸙⸙⸙ | ⸙⸙⸙⸙ | ⸙⸙ | ⸙⸙⸙⸙ | ⸙⸙⸙ | ⸙⸙⸙ | |
ACCESS RESTRICTIONS, ENVIRONMENTAL ZONES: 30 zones or restricted traffic zones | ⸙⸙⸙⸙ | ⸙⸙⸙⸙ | ⸙⸙ | ⸙⸙⸙⸙ | ⸙⸙⸙ | ⸙⸙⸙ | |
CONGESTION CHARGE, PRICING POLICIES: Reduce the cost of bus tickets or incentives for sustainable mobility | ⸙⸙⸙⸙ | ⸙⸙⸙ | ⸙⸙ | ⸙⸙⸙⸙ | ⸙⸙⸙ | ⸙⸙⸙ | |
…. | …. | … | … | … | … | … | |
SUSTAINABLE URBAN MOBILITY PLAN | ⸙⸙⸙⸙ | ⸙⸙⸙⸙ | ⸙⸙⸙⸙ | ⸙⸙⸙⸙ | ⸙⸙⸙⸙ | ⸙⸙⸙ |
CHALLENGES | |||
---|---|---|---|
Objective Health Security | Subjective Health Safety (Risk Perception) | ||
SOLUTIONS | CLEAN FUEL AND VEHICLES | ⸙ | ⸙ |
URBAN FREIGHT | ⸙⸙⸙⸙ | ⸙⸙⸙⸙ | |
DEMAND MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES | ⸙⸙⸙ | ⸙⸙⸙ | |
ACCESS RESTRICTIONS, ENVIRONMENTAL ZONES | ⸙⸙⸙ | ⸙ | |
CONGESTION CHARGE, PRICING POLICIES | ⸙ | ⸙⸙ | |
COLLECTIVE TRANSPORT | ⸙⸙⸙⸙ | ⸙⸙⸙⸙ | |
NEW FORMS OF PUBLIC TRANSPORT SERVICES | ⸙⸙⸙ | ⸙⸙⸙ | |
ACCESS ELDERLY, DISABLED PASSENGERS | ⸙⸙ | ⸙⸙⸙ | |
INTEGRATION OF MODES | ⸙⸙⸙⸙ | ⸙⸙⸙ | |
TRANSPORT TELEMATICS | ⸙⸙⸙⸙ | ⸙⸙⸙⸙ | |
E-TICKETING | ⸙⸙⸙⸙ | ⸙⸙⸙ | |
TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT AND CONTROL | ⸙ | ⸙⸙ | |
CAR SHARING | ⸙⸙⸙ | ⸙⸙⸙⸙ | |
CAR POOLING | ⸙⸙⸙ | ⸙⸙⸙⸙ | |
WALKING AND CYCLING | ⸙⸙⸙⸙ | ⸙⸙⸙ | |
… | … | … | |
SUSTAINABLE URBAN MOBILITY PLAN | ⸙⸙⸙⸙ | ⸙⸙⸙ |
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. |
© 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Spadaro, I.; Pirlone, F. Sustainable Urban Mobility Plan and Health Security. Sustainability 2021, 13, 4403. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13084403
Spadaro I, Pirlone F. Sustainable Urban Mobility Plan and Health Security. Sustainability. 2021; 13(8):4403. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13084403
Chicago/Turabian StyleSpadaro, Ilenia, and Francesca Pirlone. 2021. "Sustainable Urban Mobility Plan and Health Security" Sustainability 13, no. 8: 4403. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13084403