Energy Treatment of Solid Municipal Waste in Combination with Biomass by Decentralized Method with the Respect to the Negative Effects on the Environment
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
- Energy properties of municipal solid waste (biofuels and non-hazardous municipal textile waste).
- The migration of heavy metals (HM).
- The formation and migration of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH).
2.1. Energy Properties
- Elemental composition of fuel (C, H, N, O, S)
- Calorific values or combustion heat
- Humidity
- Ash and biomass content
- Emission factor
- Density
- Analysis of the elemental composition of the fuel was carried out according to EN 15,407 “Solid recovered fuels. Methods for determining the carbon (C), hydrogen (H) and nitrogen (N) content” [14].
- Analysis of the calorific value and combustion heat of the fuel was performed according to the standard EN 15,400 “Solid recovered fuels. Determination of fuel calorific value” [15].
- Fuel moisture content analysis was performed based on EN 15,414 “Solid recovered fuels. Determination of the moisture content using the oven drying method” [16].
- The ash content analysis of the fuel was performed according to standard EN 15,403 “Solid recovered fuels. Determination of ash content” [17].
- Analysis of the biomass content determination of the fuel was performed based on standard EN 15,440: “Solid recovered fuels. Methods for determining the biomass content” [18].
2.2. The Migration of Heavy Metals
- Antimony, arsenic, lead, chromium, cobalt, copper, manganese, nickel, and vanadium: Maximum content in a flue gas 0.5 mg/m3;
- Cadmium and thallium: Maximum content in a flue gas 0.05 mg/m3;
- Mercury: Maximum content in a flue gas 0.05 mg/m3.
- Focusing with polycapillary optics on a beam with a diameter of 25 µm and interaction depth of 10–1000 µm;
- A wide-angle camera and two coaxial digital microscopes, 10× and 100×, to search the test site in the sample;
- Mosaic scanning when measuring large objects;
- An X-ray tube with a Rh target, excitation maximum of 50 kV/600 µA, and 5 filters;
- An SDD (Silicon Drift Detector) with a resolution of 145 eV and active area of 30 mm2.
2.3. Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons
3. Results
3.1. Energy Properties
3.2. Combustion
3.3. The Migration of Heavy Metals
3.4. Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
- An addition of 20–30% of MSW to the fuel mixture showed an improvement in the operating parameters of the combustion process. The addition of 50% of MSW will lead to undesirable effects during the combustion process due to the different physics of the combustion of MSW and wood chips. With concentrations of MSW in the fuel of more than 30%, the emission limits cannot be met.
- During the combustion of the fuel mixtures, approximately 55% of the HM from the biomass and MSW passed into the ash. Analysis confirmed that the co-combustion of dirty fuels and biomass reduces the risk of releasing minerals and HM from the fuel into the natural environment. The HM concentration in the flue gases was in the range of 0.4 mg/m3, which is 20% lower than emission limits.
- Analysis of PAHs in MSW and fuel mixtures containing MSW showed a risk of increasing PAH concentrations in flue gases. Although the concentration of PAHs in the flue gas was within the appropriate limits, it is necessary to thoroughly control the chimney system of the combustion equipment in order to eliminate the increase in PAH content in the outdoor environment, especially in residential areas.
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Year of Manufacture | Fuel | Minimum Power (kW) | Nominal Power (kW) | Heat Output in Fuel at Rated Heat Output (kW) | Boiler Class * |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
2011 | Wood chips, pellets | 24.9 | 83.0 | 90.1 | 3 |
Parameters | Measuring Range |
---|---|
O2 | 0–21 Vol.% O2 |
NO | 0–3000 ppm NO |
0–6160 mg/m3 NO | |
NO2 | 0–500 ppm NO2 |
0–1030 mg/m3 NO2 | |
NOx (NO+ NO2) | 0–3500 ppm NOx |
0–7190 mg/m3 NOx | |
SO2 | 0–5000 ppm SO2 |
0–14,650 mg/m3 SO2 | |
CO2 | 0–25 Vol.% CO2 |
CO | 0–10,000 ppm CO |
0–12,560 mg/m3 CO | |
Absolute pressure | 40–1200 hPa |
Flue gas moisture | 2–31% H2O |
15–70 °C td | |
Temperature (flue gas temperature) | –40 to +1200 °C |
Flow speed | 5–40 m/s |
0–50% hPa |
Element | Wood Chips | MSW | 50/50 | 70/30 | 75/25 | 80/20 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
C (%) | 53.55 | 64.27 | 53.82 | 55.31 | 56.74 | 54.21 |
H (%) | 6.4 | 9.0 | 7.05 | 7.17 | 7.23 | 6.9 |
N (%) | 0.28 | 0.49 | 0.48 | 0.46 | 0.42 | - |
O (%) | 39.64 | 26.214 | 38.54 | 36.87 | 35.37 | 38.42 |
S (%) | 0.13 | 0.026 | 0.11 | 0.19 | 0.24 | - |
Element | Wood Chips | MSW | 50/50 | 70/30 | 75/25 | 80/20 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Calorific value, MJ/kg | 22.53 | 27.09 | 15.82 | 22.02 | 20.67 | 19.32 |
Humidity, % | 27.46 | 6.59 | 9.27 | 6.96 | 6.63 | 6.30 |
Ash content, % | 0.83 | 7.47 | 4.54 | 4.02 | 3.65 | 3.28 |
Biomass content, % | 93.28 | 21.82 | 72.33 | 84.25 | 83.16 | 82.07 |
Volatiles, % | 80.87 | 86.6 | 79.2 | 82.63 | 78.3 | 73.97 |
Emission factor tCO2/TJ | 88.66 | 86.99 | 124.7 | 91.34 | 100.6 | 82.64 |
Density, kg/m3 | 222.1 | 80.0 | 104.8 | 107.8 | 103.8 | 99.8 |
Element | Wood Chips | MSW | 50/50 | 70/30 | 75/25 | 80/20 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
C (%) | 5.31 | - | 7.53 | 4.25 | 3.91 | 4.91 |
H (%) | 0.47 | - | 0.87 | 0.42 | 0.3 | 0.45 |
N (%) | 0.37 | - | 0.38 | 0.36 | 0.36 | 0.37 |
O (%) | - | - | - | - | - | - |
S (%) | 0.08 | - | 0.05 | 0.07 | 0.09 | 0.07 |
Element | Wood Chips | MSW | 50/50 | 70/30 | 75/25 | 80/20 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cd + Tl | 0.1 | 7.92 | 3.98 | 2.44 | 2.09 | 1.65 |
Hg | 0.6904 | 0.265 | 0.512 | 0.6836 | 0.7135 | 0.5947 |
Sb + As + Pb + Cr + Co + Cu + Mn + Ni +V | 41.9856 | 111.03 | 48.697 | 67.63 | 64.53 | 61.48 |
Zn | 3.49 | 135 | 114.4 | 42.943 | 36.3675 | 29.792 |
Element | Wood Chips | MSW | 50/50 | 70/30 | 75/25 | 80/20 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cd + Tl | 0.00415 | - | 2.437 | 1.801302 | 1.301 | 1.34608 |
Hg | 0.00083 | - | - | 0.0005 | 0.001 | 0.001034 |
Sb + As + Pb + Cr + Co + Cu + Mn + Ni +V | 52.79846 | - | 20.87539 | 57.868725 | 110.18024 | 111.896596 |
Zn | 1.24417 | - | 110.856 | 21.23812 | 41.318 | 43.32475 |
Element | Wood Chips | MSW | 50/50 | 75/25 | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ash, mg/kg | Carryover, mg/m3 | Ash, mg/kg | Carryover, mg/m3 | Ash, mg/kg | Carryover, mg/m3 | Ash, mg/kg | Carryover, mg/m3 | |
acenaften | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 0.075 |
acenaftylen | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
benzo(a)antracen | - | - | - | - | - | - | 0.008213 | 0.0098 |
benzo(a)pyren | - | - | - | - | - | - | 0.002701 | - |
benzo(b)fluoranten | - | - | - | - | - | - | 0.006899 | 0.0501 |
benzo(ghi)perylen | - | - | - | - | - | - | 0.002081 | - |
benzo(k)fluoranten | - | - | - | - | - | - | 0.002665 | - |
fenantren | 0.000564 | - | - | 0.064 | 0.00876 | 0.0652 | 0.022375 | 0.1142 |
fluoranten | - | - | - | - | - | - | 0.023944 | 0.1075 |
fluoren | - | - | - | - | - | - | 0.002373 | 0.0676 |
chryzen | - | - | - | - | - | - | 0.009162 | 0.0938 |
indeno (123cd)pyren | - | - | - | - | - | - | 0.0023 | - |
naftalen | 0.000432 | - | - | - | 0.03423 | 0.0517 | 0.017081 | 0.1221 |
pyren | - | - | - | - | 0.00390 | 0.0460 | 0.017958 | 0.0804 |
antracen | - | - | - | - | - | - | 0.003066 | 0.0479 |
dibenzo(ah)antracen | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
Sum PAU | 0.000996 | - | - | 0.064 | 0.04689 | 0.1631 | 0.120818 | 0.7688 |
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Rimar, M.; Kulikova, O.; Kulikov, A.; Fedak, M. Energy Treatment of Solid Municipal Waste in Combination with Biomass by Decentralized Method with the Respect to the Negative Effects on the Environment. Sustainability 2021, 13, 4405. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13084405
Rimar M, Kulikova O, Kulikov A, Fedak M. Energy Treatment of Solid Municipal Waste in Combination with Biomass by Decentralized Method with the Respect to the Negative Effects on the Environment. Sustainability. 2021; 13(8):4405. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13084405
Chicago/Turabian StyleRimar, Miroslav, Olha Kulikova, Andrii Kulikov, and Marcel Fedak. 2021. "Energy Treatment of Solid Municipal Waste in Combination with Biomass by Decentralized Method with the Respect to the Negative Effects on the Environment" Sustainability 13, no. 8: 4405. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13084405