Gender Diversity in Research and Innovation Projects: The Proportion of Women in the Context of Higher Education
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Gender Perspective in Research and Innovation
Women in the European Research Area
- (1)
- Effectiveness of national research systems,
- (2)
- Transnational cooperation on shared research agendas,
- (3)
- Open labour market for researchers,
- (4)
- Gender equality and the gender perspective in research,
- (5)
- Circulation and transfer of scientific knowledge.
- (1)
- Equal treatment, guaranteeing that women and men receive the same treatment.
- (2)
- Positive action, adopting positive actions to correct differences.
- (3)
- Mainstreaming, integrating gender equality in systems, structures, institutions, programmes, policies and practices [28].
- (1)
- To promote gender balance in research teams,
- (2)
- To guarantee gender balance in decision-making (40% of female participation in panels and groups and 50% in advisory groups),
- (3)
- Integration of the gender dimension in the content of research and innovation.
3. Introduction to the Study Area
3.1. Women’s Participation in the Spanish R&I System
3.2. Regional Context: Basque Autonomous Community
3.3. University of the Basque Country
4. Methodology and Data
5. Results
5.1. The Role of Women in R&I Projects in the University of the Basque Country
5.2. Evolution of the Presence of Women in R&I Projects: Age Range and Field of Knowledge
- Typology 1: Projects with research staff aged 20 to 35 and from the fields of knowledge of Health Sciences and Arts and Humanities: 62.3% corresponded to women. This is 4.1% of the total projects in 2007.
- Typology 2: Projects with research staff aged 20 to 35 and from the fields of knowledge of Sciences and Social and Legal Sciences, and from internal calls by the University of the Basque Country or at a provincial scale (Biscay, Gipuzkoa, Alava, Spain): 59.7% corresponded to women. This is 4.1% of the total projects in 2007.
- Typology 3: Projects with research staff aged 20 to 35, from the fields Sciences and Social and Legal Sciences and from European, State or Autonomous region calls: 46.4% corresponded to women. This is 18.7% of the total projects in 2007.
- Typology 4: Projects with research staff aged 20 to 35 and from the field of Engineering and Architecture: 33.8% corresponded to women. This is 5.2% of the total projects in 2007.
- Typology 5: Projects with research staff aged 36 to 50 and from the field of knowledge of Health Sciences: 53.0% corresponded to women. This is 4.1% of the total projects in 2007.
- Typology 6: Projects with research staff aged 36 to 50 and from the fields of Sciences, Social and Legal Sciences and Arts and Humanities: 42.9% corresponded to women. This is 33.7% of the total projects in 2007.
- Typology 7: Projects with research staff aged 36 to 50 and from the field of Engineering and Architecture: 36.2% corresponded to women. This is 9.9% of the total projects in 2007.
- Typology 8: Projects with research staff aged 51 to 65 and from the field of Health Sciences: 52.3% corresponded to women. This is 1.9% of the total projects in 2007.
- Typology 9: Projects with research staff aged 51 to 65 and from the fields of Sciences and Social and Legal Sciences: 33.4% corresponded to women. This is 13.4% of the total projects in 2007.
- Typology 10: Projects with research staff aged 51 to 65 and from the fields of Engineering and Architecture and Arts and Humanities: 22.6% corresponded to women. This is 6.2% of the total projects in 2007.
- Typology 11: Projects with research staff aged 66 to 75: 15.7% corresponded to women. This is 0.9% of the total projects in 2007.
- Typology 1: Projects with research staff aged 20 to 35 and from the fields of knowledge of Health Sciences and Social and Legal Sciences: 69.7% correspond to women. This is 5.9% of the total projects in 2018.
- Typology 2: Projects with research staff aged 20 to 35 and from the fields of Sciences and Arts and Humanities: 57.5% correspond to women. This is 8.7% of the total projects in 2018.
- Typology 3: Projects with research staff aged 20 to 35 and from the field of knowledge of Engineering and Architecture: 49.9% correspond to women. This is 4.8% of the total projects in 2018. The presence of women in this typology has increased 15 points since 2007.
- Typology 4: Projects with research staff aged 36 to 50 and from the field of Health Sciences: 65.5% correspond to women. This is 7.9% of the total projects in 2018.
- Typology 5: Projects with research staff aged 36 to 50 and from the field of Social and Legal Sciences: 59.8% correspond to women. This is 7.7% of the total projects in 2018.
- Typology 6: Projects with research staff aged 36 to 50 and from the fields of knowledge of Sciences and Arts and Humanities: 50.4% correspond to women. This is 14.4% of the total projects in 2018.
- Typology 7: Projects with research staff aged 36 to 50 and from the field Engineering and Architecture: 43.1% correspond to women. This is 11.3% of the total projects in 2018.
- Typology 8: Projects with research staff aged 51 to 65 and from the field of Social and Legal Sciences: 47.5% correspond to women. This is 7.6% of the total projects in 2018.
- Typology 9: Projects with research staff aged 51 to 65 and from the fields of Sciences and Health Sciences: 42.1% correspond to women. This is 16.0% of the total projects in 2018.
- Typology 10: Projects with research staff aged 51 to 65 and from the fields of Engineering and Architecture and Arts and Humanities: 37.7% correspond to women. This is 12.0% of the total projects in 2018.
- Typology 11: Projects with research staff aged 66 to 75 and from the fields of Social and Legal Sciences, Health Sciences, Sciences and Arts and Humanities: only 29.0% correspond to women. This is 3.0% of the total projects in 2018.
- Typology 12: Projects with research staff aged 66 to 75 and from the field of Engineering and Architecture: only 9.8% correspond to women. This is 0.8% of the total projects in 2018.
5.3. Gender Diversity in Funding
6. Discussion and Conclusions
7. Limitations and Future Research
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
Appendix B
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Authors | Topic | Study Area |
---|---|---|
Díaz-García, C.; González-Moreno, A.; Saez-Martinez, F. (2014). [9]. | Gender diversity within R&D teams. Its impact on radicalness of innovation. | Spain |
Otero-Hermida, P.; García-Melón, M. (2018). [12]. | Gender equality indicators for Research and Innovation from a responsible perspective. | Spain |
López-Iñesta, E.; Botella, C.; Rueda, S.; Forte, A.; Marzal, P. (2020). [13]. | Towards breaking the gender gap in Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics. | Spain |
Cunningham, J.A.; Escribá-Esteve, A.; Foncubierta-Rodríguez, M.J.; Martín-Alcázar, F.; Perea-Vicente, J.L. (2021). [14]. | Gender study of principal investigator lead public R&D centres and funding. | Spain |
Striebing, C.; Schmidt, E.K.; Palmén, R.; Holzinger, F.; Nagy, B. (2020). [11]. | Assessment of the contribution of gender equality policies to Research and Innovation. | Austria, Denmark, Hungary and Spain |
Nielsen, M.W. (2017). [15]. | Scandinavian approaches to gender equality in academia. A comparative study. | Denmark, Norway and Sweden |
Palmén, R.; Schmidt, E.K.; Striebing, C.; Reidl, S.; Bührer, S.; Groó, D. (2019). [16]. | Measuring gender in R&I. Theories, methods and experience. | Europe |
Kalpazidou Schmidt, E.; Cacace, M. (2017). [17]. | Addressing gender inequality in science. The multifaceted challenge of assessing impact. | Europe, North America and Australia |
Alsos, G.A.; Ljunggren, E.; Hytti, U. (2013). [18]. | Gender and innovation. State-of-the-art and a research agenda. | General |
Kalpazidou Schmidt, E.; Graversen, E.K. (2020). [19]. | Conceptual evaluation framework for gender equality interventions in R&I. | General |
Variables | 1. Year |
2. Type of call | |
3. Field of knowledge | |
4. Gender | |
5. Type of Participation | |
6. Age Range | |
7. Total Granted | |
8. Category: PhD or Non-PhD | |
9. Nature of the call |
Type | Gender | Total Amount in EUR | % | Average Amount per Project in EUR |
---|---|---|---|---|
Requested funding | Men | €7,585,164,690.92 | 55.4% | €184,774.18 |
Women | €6,118,014,860.18 | 44.6% | €175,764.62 | |
Total | €13,703,179,551.10 | 100.0% | €180,269.40 | |
Funding granted | Men | €3,125,458,568.87 | 55.2% | €76,135.99 |
Women | €2,531,922,370.34 | 44.8% | €72,739.66 | |
Total | €5,657,380,939.21 | 100.0% | €74,437.83 |
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Restrepo, N.; Unceta, A.; Barandiaran, X. Gender Diversity in Research and Innovation Projects: The Proportion of Women in the Context of Higher Education. Sustainability 2021, 13, 5111. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13095111
Restrepo N, Unceta A, Barandiaran X. Gender Diversity in Research and Innovation Projects: The Proportion of Women in the Context of Higher Education. Sustainability. 2021; 13(9):5111. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13095111
Chicago/Turabian StyleRestrepo, Natalia, Alfonso Unceta, and Xabier Barandiaran. 2021. "Gender Diversity in Research and Innovation Projects: The Proportion of Women in the Context of Higher Education" Sustainability 13, no. 9: 5111. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13095111