Urban Rain Flood Ecosystem Design Planning and Feasibility Study for the Enrichment of Smart Cities
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Literature Review
3. Materials and Methods
3.1. Urban Rain Flood Ecosystem Design
3.2. Waterfront Environment Design
- The control planning design unit designs the embankment form and preliminarily determines the horizontal distance between the flood level elevation position. The level elevation of the normal water level is according to the space required by the ecological gentle slope green space.
- Submit the obtained cross-section map of water body green space to the water conservancy design unit to calculate again accurately whether it can meet the flood control requirements.
- The regulatory design unit shall make the corresponding regulatory design results after obtaining the cross-sectional map of green water space verified by the water conservancy design unit.
3.3. Road Section Design
3.4. Planning and Design of Rain and Sewage Engineering
- (1)
- Collect rainwater within the planning scope, which can be used for indoor cleaning, road spraying, plant watering, and other purposes, reducing tap water use, saving water resources, and urban operating costs.
- (2)
- Retention of rainwater can provide enough time for plant roots to absorb water, and when plants have enough water, they can increase water vapor transpiration and reduce the harm of heat island effect [49,50,51]. Simultaneously, rainwater retention time is long, can permeate to the ground, supplement groundwater, and maintain the same groundwater level.
- (3)
- When rainwater flows through plants’ surface, pollutants such as nutrient-rich compounds contained in rainwater can be decomposed and purified by plants and microorganisms. In this way, even if excessive rainfall is required to transfer excess rainfall to large reservoirs or rivers, the surface and groundwater environment will not be polluted. Table 2 provides the comparative analysis of the effect of rainwater fast drainage model and rainwater recycling model.
- (1)
- In the case of low-intensity rainfall, all rainwater will be captured by the green roof, sunken green land, permeable pavement, storage tank, water storage tank, and other small green infrastructure at the source (i.e., each plot), which does not need to be reflected in the rainwater project planning.
- (2)
- (3)
- In the case of high-intensity rainfall and ultra-high-intensity rainfall, large natural and artificial water storage sites should be set up. Still, the connection between water storage sites and urban rainwater pipe networks should also be set up and be established. The chestnut pumping stations should be set up to pump excess rainwater into rivers in time. To change the way of centralized transportation of all domestic sewage through a sewage pipe network to the sewage treatment plant for treatment, a sewage treatment plant can be configured according to the way of division of residential areas. The treated water will be discharged into the adjacent ecological green space for purification and storage, which will be used for road spraying and landscaping irrigation.
4. Results and Discussion
4.1. Catchment Area and Runoff Control for Smart Cities
4.2. Road Traffic Planning for Smart Cities
4.3. Rainwater Project Planning for Smart Cities
4.4. Sewage Engineering Planning for Smart Cities
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Analysis of the Situation | Content to Be Improved | |
---|---|---|
From the function | Unable to provide a place for public activities such as festivals; unable to be hydrophilic | To keep the waterfront green area to accommodate more residents; make gentle slope green land, easy to set steps or paths to be hydrophilic |
From the quality | Squeeze the green space along the river, and reduce the quality of natural environment | Leave enough waterfront green width |
From rainwater utilization | The flow is too fast to store rain. Water cannot touch plants and get water purification | The setting of gentle slope type ecological revetment can reduce the flow rate, facilitate water purification and infiltration, so as to retain rainwater |
Evaluation Content | Rapid Drainage Mode | Rainwater Recycling Mode |
---|---|---|
Water conservation | If the rainwater is not recycled, all the water will come from the waterworks, which is not conducive to water resource conservation; the pressure on the water supply network, waterworks, and other municipal infrastructure will be increased | After collecting rainwater, it can be used for domestic water, road spraying, and landscaping water to save water resources |
Microenvironment regulation | Vegetation does not fully absorb rainwater, leading to the evaporation of water greater than the storage of water, forming a heat island effect, resulting in ground sinkholes and ground-level decline | After rainwater retention, plants can fully absorb water from rainwater, increase water transpiration and reduce urban temperature. After the groundwater supplement, it can maintain the same groundwater level, and avoid the ground collapse |
Environmental impact | Without purification, rainwater is directly discharged into the water body, causing pollution to the water quality of rivers, which is one of the reasons for the worsening of the ecological environment in China | The rainwater will not pollute the water after being purified by plants |
Land Use Types | Stormwater Runoff Control Rate | Sunken Green Rate | Green Roof Rate | Permeable Pavement Rate |
---|---|---|---|---|
Residential land | ≥80 | ≥60 | ≥50 | ≥90 |
Land for public administration and public service facilities | ≥80 | ≥60 | ≥40 | ≥60 |
Commercial service land | ≥80 | ≥60 | ≥30 | ≥60 |
Municipal road land | ≥50 | ≥80 | - | ≥20 |
Utility land | ≥80 | ≥60 | - | ≥60 |
Green space | ≥85 | ≥60 | - | ≥90 |
Square land | ≥60 | - | - | ≥90 |
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Zhou, Y.; Sharma, A.; Masud, M.; Gaba, G.S.; Dhiman, G.; Ghafoor, K.Z.; AlZain, M.A. Urban Rain Flood Ecosystem Design Planning and Feasibility Study for the Enrichment of Smart Cities. Sustainability 2021, 13, 5205. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13095205
Zhou Y, Sharma A, Masud M, Gaba GS, Dhiman G, Ghafoor KZ, AlZain MA. Urban Rain Flood Ecosystem Design Planning and Feasibility Study for the Enrichment of Smart Cities. Sustainability. 2021; 13(9):5205. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13095205
Chicago/Turabian StyleZhou, Yixin, Ashutosh Sharma, Mehedi Masud, Gurjot Singh Gaba, Gaurav Dhiman, Kayhan Zrar Ghafoor, and Mohammed A. AlZain. 2021. "Urban Rain Flood Ecosystem Design Planning and Feasibility Study for the Enrichment of Smart Cities" Sustainability 13, no. 9: 5205. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13095205