The Role of Sports Policing and Tourism Safety at the Summer Olympics
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
3. Literature Review
3.1. Sports Policing and Tourism Security: The Role of Sports Policing in Tourism Safety
3.2. The Role of Tourism Safety in Sports Policing
4. Results and Discussions
4.1. Key Safety Indicators
4.2. Olympic Venues from Sydney to Tokyo
4.2.1. Sydney
4.2.2. Athens
4.2.3. Beijing
4.2.4. London
4.2.5. Rio de Janeiro
4.2.6. Tokyo
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Olympic Year (Place) | Number of Tickets Sold (USD Million) | Number of Competitors (Person) | Number of Police Officers and Soldiers Involved in Insurance | Budget (Amount Spent on Security) (USD Billion) |
---|---|---|---|---|
2000 (Sydney) | 6.7 m | 10,651 | 4900 police officers, 4000 soldiers | 5.026 (0.25) |
2004 (Athens) | 3.8 m | 10,625 | 70,000 (police officers, soldiers) | 8.5 (1.3) |
2008 (Beijing) | 6.5 m | 11,028 | 150,000 police officers | 6.810 (1.5) |
2012 (London) | 8.0 m | 11,060 | 13,000 police officers, 17,000 soldiers | 14.957 (2.14) |
2016 (Rio de Janeiro) | 6.15 m | 10,293 | 65,000 police officers, 20,000 soldiers | 4.557 (0.4) |
2020 (2021) (Tokyo) | - | 11,090 | 21,000 police officers | 12.7 (0.8) |
Olympic Year (Place) | Number of Spectators per Police Officer/Soldier (Person) | The Number of Police Officers/Soldiers per Competitor (Person) | The Security Release per Viewer (USD) | The Proportion of Security Spending in the Olympics Budget (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|
2000 (Sydney) | 752 | 0.8 | 37 | 4.97 |
2004 (Athens) | 54 | 6.6 | 342 | 15.29 |
2008 (Beijing) | 43 | 13.6 | 230.8 | 22.03 |
2012 (London) | 266 | 2.7 | 267.5 | 14.3 |
2016 (Rio de Janeiro) | 72 | 8.3 | 65 | 8.78 |
2020 (2021) (Tokyo) | - | 1.89 | - | 6.3 |
Olympic Year (Place) | Robbery (2019) | Homicide (2019) | Crime Index (2022) | Safety Index (2022) |
---|---|---|---|---|
2000 (Sydney) | 50.0 | 0.8 | 33.66 | 66.34 |
2004 (Athens) | 36.7 | 0.7 | 56.2 | 43.86 |
2008 (Beijing) | 18.4 | 0.6 | 33.47 | 66.53 |
2012 (London) | 125.8 | 1.2 | 53.21 | 46.78 |
2016 (Rio de Janeiro) | 491.0 | 30.5 | 77.63 | 22.37 |
2020 (2021) (Tokyo) | 3.3 | 0.2 | 23.51 | 76.49 |
Sydney | 15.12.2014. A professed Muslim man takes 17 people hostages in a coffee shop (3 people died). | 2.10.2015. With the help of a 22-year-old Islamist, a 15-year-old boy killed a police officer. | 13.7.2016. A man drove into the police parking lot with his car loaded with gas cylinders. | 3.11.2016. Two Islamist men were detained on suspicion of terror. | 13.8.2019. An Islamist man wounded several people with a knife. |
Athens | 3.5.2004. A bomb was blown up at the Athens police headquarters. | 27.12.2009. A bomb explodes in downtown Athens (perpetrator: a far-left group). | 17.12.2018. A bomb exploded in front of a cathedral; one policeman was injured (perpetrator: far-left or anarchist group). | 07.09.2021. A drug addict injured 4 people with a knife. | 07.07.2021. A drug and alcohol addict injured 4 people with a knife. |
Beijing | 8.8.2008. A Chinese man with a knife attacked 2 American tourists and their tour guide (1 person died). | 17.7.2013. Near a mall, a man stabbed an American tourist and a Chinese woman to death. | 21.7.2013. A man with a knife injured four people in a Beijing store. | 28.10.2013. Uyghurs drove into pedestrians by car for 500 m (6 persons died—2 of them tourists—40 injured). | 26.7.2018. A homemade bomb exploded at the U.S. Embassy (1 person wounded). |
London | 7.7.2005. British Muslim men killed 56 people and injured 700 in a series of explosions. | 3.6.2017. The perpetrators linked to the Islamic State drove a van into passers-by and then stabbed several people (8 people died, 48 injured). | 15.9.2017. A bomb hidden in a plastic bucket exploded in a London underground (29 people injured) | 29.11.2019. A knife attacker with an Islamic background killed 2 people in the city center and injured 3. | 2.2.2020. A person linked to the Islamic State stabbed 3 people, and the perpetrator was shot. |
Rio de Janeiro | 29.11.2005. A gang of drug dealers set fire to a scheduled bus service (15 people died). | 30.10.2013. Ex-football player Joao Rodrigo was abducted, and he was decapitated. | 7.10.2015. A gang killed a couple who were accidentally guided to the Caramujo favela area by GPS. | 16.13.2018. Politician Marielle Franco and his driver were killed in his car with head shots. | 6.5.2021. Shooting between police and drug dealers (at least 25 people died). |
Tokyo | 20.3.1995. Members of Aum Shinrikyo sect carry out gas attack on subway trains (12 people died, 1050 injured). | 8.6.2008. A young man drove a truck into the zebra crossing (3 people died) and then stabbed 4 to death (10 injured in total). | 1.1.2019. A car was driven into pedestrians (1 person killed, 9 people injured). | 6.8.2021. A man stabbed ten people on a Tokyo train. | 31.10.2021. A man attacked passengers on the Tokyo subway with pesticide and a knife (10 people injured). |
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Szabolcs, M.; Nagy-Tóth, N.Á.; Dávid, L.D.; Gogo, A.F.C.; Bujdosó, Z. The Role of Sports Policing and Tourism Safety at the Summer Olympics. Sustainability 2022, 14, 5928. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14105928
Szabolcs M, Nagy-Tóth NÁ, Dávid LD, Gogo AFC, Bujdosó Z. The Role of Sports Policing and Tourism Safety at the Summer Olympics. Sustainability. 2022; 14(10):5928. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14105928
Chicago/Turabian StyleSzabolcs, Mátyás, Nikolett Ágnes Nagy-Tóth, Lóránt Dénes Dávid, Adol Fredrick Collins Gogo, and Zoltán Bujdosó. 2022. "The Role of Sports Policing and Tourism Safety at the Summer Olympics" Sustainability 14, no. 10: 5928. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14105928