Energy Efficient Clustering Protocol for FANETS Using Moth Flame Optimization
Abstract
:1. Introduction
- A method for data clustering based on the MFO is presented;
- The quality of the solutions provided by the suggested technique is compared to three well-known algorithms to determine which is superior;
- A total of five statistical tests have been conducted using different grid sizes to evaluate the proposed approach’s statistical quality;
- The use of k-means density and the MRCQ approach for data compression has been employed to improve the CH selection process;
- Experimental and statistical graphs demonstrate the effectiveness of the suggested technique.
2. Background and Motivation
2.1. FANETS
2.2. What Links Make FANETs, Different from MANETs, and VANETs?
- There are now many ad hoc networks striving to connect. For example, Wireless sensor networks make extensive use of these technologies for gathering and transmitting data about the surrounding environment [24]. Peer-to-peer and broadcast traffic must be allowed simultaneously for FANET to work effectively.
- The Distances between FANET and FANETS nodes are much longer than the distances between the two networks [12,13,24]. Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) need a more extended communication range than either MANETs or VANETs if they are to be linked together. Consequently, radio links, hardware circuits, and physical layer behaviour are all impacted.
- Multi-UAV systems may contain various types of sensors, each of which may need a separate data transmission strategy [19].
2.3. What’s the Roles of Bioinspired Algorithms in FANETs?
3. Proposed Methodology
3.1. Network Building and Nodes Positioning
3.2. Cluster Formulation and CH selection with K-Means Sorted Fitness
3.3. Data Compression and Network Commination
- Data compressionOur proposed protocol is used for captured data, primarily images and videos. So, to reduce the data transmission energy, we need to use a compression algorithm. Our proposed protocol uses MRCQ (multi-resolution compression and query) image-based compression approach [26]. Sensor nodes are organized in a hierarchy to establish multiresolution summaries of sensed data in the network [11]. Lower-resolution summaries are transmitted to the sink, whereas high-resolution outlines remain in the network and can be accessed for further analysis [32]. As a result, MRCQ has lower implementation costs and may be used with low-cost sensor systems [33,34].
- Node Movement and Network CommunicationsCommunication and data transfer between nodes begin when clustering is complete. Whether a node inside a cluster [35], a node across the cluster, or the base station is the intended destination for the data, the CH is responsible for getting it there [36,37]. EECP-MFO adheres to the RPGM [38] reference point group mobility model. There is a point of reference for all nodes in RPGM that they all will follow. EECP-MFO considers a reference point for the CHs, and all CMs adjust their positions under how their respective CHs move.
4. Experimental Results and Analysis
4.1. Cluster Building Time
4.2. Energy Consumption
4.3. Probability of Success
4.4. Cluster Lifetime
4.5. Consistency of Cluster Heads
5. Discussion
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Protocol | Year | Network Type | Cluster Method | Complexity | No of CH’s | No of Nodes in Cluster | Mobility | Energy Efficiency |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
LEACH | 2000 | Homogenous | Distributed | Low | Uncertain | Unforeseeable | Inactive | Yes |
LEACH-C | 2002 | heterogenous | Centralized | Low | Certain | Unforeseeable | Inactive | Yes |
CBLADSR | 2012 | Heterogenous | Distributed | High | Uncertain | Unforeseeable | Inactive | Yes |
CACONET | 2016 | Homogenous/heterogenous | Centralized | High | Uncertain | Unforeseeable | Inactive | Yes |
PSONET | 2011 | Homogenous/heterogenous | Centralized | Very high | Uncertain | Unforeseeable | Inactive | Yes |
GWOCNET | 2014 | Homogenous/heterogenous | Centralized | Very high | Uncertain | Unforeseeable | Inactive | Yes |
CAVDO | 2018 | Heterogenous | Distributed | Medium | Uncertain | Unforeseeable | Inactive | Yes |
Protocol | Energy model | Location Awareness | Connectivity to Bs | Link Quality Based | Connection Awareness | Collison Avoidance | Position of Base Station | Deployment Mode |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
LEACH | First order | No | Singe hop | Distance | No | No | Outside | Random |
LEACH-C | First order | Yes | Singe hop | Distance | No | No | Outside | Random |
CBLADSR | First order | No | Singe hop | Distance | Partially | No | Outside | Random and uniform |
CACONET | First order | Yes | Singe hop | Distance | No | No | Outside | Random |
PSONET | First order | Yes | Singe hop | Distance | No | No | Outside | Random |
GWOCNET | First order | No | Singe hop | Distance | No | No | Outside | Random |
CAVDO | First order | No | Singe hop | Distance | Partially | No | Outside | Random and non-uniform |
Parameters | Values |
---|---|
Grid Size | 1000 × 1000 m2, 2000 × 2000 m2 and 3000 × 3000 m2 |
Density of Connected Nodes | 20, 30, 40, 50, 60 |
Minimum Distance Between Nodes | 5 m |
Mobility Model | Reference Point Mobility Model |
Simulation Runs | 10 |
Simulation Time | 120 s |
Position Exchange Interval | 2 s |
Node Energy Level at Start Time | 80-Watt Hour |
Transmission Range | Dynamic |
Transmission Frequency | 2.45 GHz |
Constant Bit Rate | 100 kbps |
Receiver Sensitivity | −90 dBm |
W1 +W2 + W3 | 1 |
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Bharany, S.; Sharma, S.; Bhatia, S.; Rahmani, M.K.I.; Shuaib, M.; Lashari, S.A. Energy Efficient Clustering Protocol for FANETS Using Moth Flame Optimization. Sustainability 2022, 14, 6159. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14106159
Bharany S, Sharma S, Bhatia S, Rahmani MKI, Shuaib M, Lashari SA. Energy Efficient Clustering Protocol for FANETS Using Moth Flame Optimization. Sustainability. 2022; 14(10):6159. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14106159
Chicago/Turabian StyleBharany, Salil, Sandeep Sharma, Surbhi Bhatia, Mohammad Khalid Imam Rahmani, Mohammed Shuaib, and Saima Anwar Lashari. 2022. "Energy Efficient Clustering Protocol for FANETS Using Moth Flame Optimization" Sustainability 14, no. 10: 6159. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14106159
APA StyleBharany, S., Sharma, S., Bhatia, S., Rahmani, M. K. I., Shuaib, M., & Lashari, S. A. (2022). Energy Efficient Clustering Protocol for FANETS Using Moth Flame Optimization. Sustainability, 14(10), 6159. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14106159