Proposal for a Framework to Develop Sustainable Tourism on the Santurbán Moor, Colombia, as an Alternative Source of Income between Environmental Sustainability and Mining
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. Current Status of Sustainable Tourism in the Area
1.2. Importance of the Study
1.3. Objectives
- Identifying the actors of the tourism chain in the Santurbán moor region and their profiles based on direct contact with them, which will allow firsthand knowledge of their needs through the development of this conceptual framework.
- To identify the obstacles and strengths of the Santurbán moor region for the implementation of sustainable tourism.
- To propose a conceptual framework for the development of the Santurbán moor as a center for sustainable tourism, based on the opinion of the experts, the techniques applied, and the needs detected in the field.
2. Theoretical Background
2.1. Sustainable Tourism
2.2. Scientific Tourism
- Adventure tourism with a scientific dimension: Defined as that which allows the combination of scientific research, adventure, and sports practices such as climbing large peaks or expeditions in places of difficult access where the main motivation can be adventure or science, but in its development, both are achieved. In the case of the Santurbán moor, adventure is guaranteed as it is a high mountain terrain that requires the tourist to be in good physical condition.
- Cultural tourism with scientific content: The main objective of this type of tourism is to take tours where the tourist contacts cultural or industrial aspects of the site being visited, and its main purpose is to acquire some type of scientific knowledge during the tour. Given the unique biota present in the tropical moor, it is very feasible to learn about new environments and generate new scientific knowledge.
- Scientific eco-volunteering: In this type of trip, the tourist is directly involved in scientific aspects such as sampling and data collection guided by scientific personnel who organize the actual research in the environment being studied.
- Scientific research tourism: This category is related to the scientific delegation that travels to study a particular site. In this case, given that the tropical moor is an environment found in only a few countries in the world, the structuring of a scientific tourism system in Santurbán would be very attractive for specialists from first world countries.
2.3. Scientific Tourism in the International Context
2.4. Frameworks Based on Industry 4.0 Technologies for Tourism Development
2.5. Colombia’s Potential for Scientific Tourism
3. Methodology
- A bibliographic study of the problems and characteristics of the study area, the Santurbán moor, was carried out [44], based on previous studies by various organizations, both public and private, to obtain a first approximation of the possible study variables and a baseline of the situation that is currently being experienced there.
- A group of experts was selected based on their knowledge of topics related to sustainable tourism, environment, or topics closely related to the study area’s problems [45]. In addition, people from the area were selected who were currently involved in tourism and social processes in the field and had an interest in the research study [46]. The recommended number of experts was 10 to 15 for the size of the research planned [47]. A group of twelve experts in different areas was selected: four representatives of the academic sector, including tourism experts and ecologists; three business-people, including hoteliers, developers and transporters; two representatives from the community of tourism associations in the area; one representative from the official sector; and two experts in innovation and technology. This group carried out an iterative process, maintaining the anonymity of the participants to avoid bias [48].
- Once the group of experts had been selected, a questionnaire was prepared so that they could evaluate both the questions and their relevance in the first round and make suggestions for improvement in the following rounds. These first questions arose from the baseline information obtained from the bibliographic analysis [49]. Considering those that, in the opinion of the authors, could affect the implementation of tourism in the area, internal and external variables were chosen associated with natural resources, sustainability, community, state entities, mining, culture, tourism companies, tourism promoters, guides, infrastructure, among others. In the second and third round, the experts evaluated the adjusted forms and were able to make contributions to improve the process. This work resulted in a SWOT analysis for the Santurbán moor.
- They were asked to do pairwise analysis of the connections between the variables, and to decide if there was a connection between them. If so, to then determine a numerical valuation of the type of connection, from weak to a strong connection.
- The analysis of the key variables was carried out using MICMAC software.
3.1. Contextualization of the Santurbán Moor
3.2. Application of the Prospective Methodology
3.2.1. Analysis of the Experts
3.2.2. Analysis of Variables and Actors with Mic-Mac
- Variables located in the lower left are those with no significant influence on the others as they have little dependence on each other.
- The variables located in the upper left part are variables with high mobility and influence on the others but which in turn have little dependence on each other.
- The variables located in the lower right part are variables that have little influence, but high dependence on the others.
- The variables in the upper right part have high influence and high dependence that will significantly influence the implementation of sustainable tourism in the region.
4. Results
4.1. SWOT Analysis and Identification of Key Stakeholders
- The vegetation present in the moor is unique in the world and it exists only in a few countries worldwide.
- In the area, there are many lagoons and landscapes with touristic potential.
- Santander department has other nearby areas available for adventure activities and scientific tourism.
- The municipalities of Santander have a great cultural potential due to their colonial architecture.
- The proximity of Bucaramanga’s Palo Negro International Airport, less than 60 km from the area of interest.
- The community is engaged to build partnerships and projects of common interest.
- The Colombian government is interested in developing tourism programs that take advantage of Colombia’s natural resources, which would allow leveraging projects for this purpose in the area.
- The relative proximity to Panama, a one-hour direct flight away, where the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute is located.
- The proximity to Venezuelan border could allow the flow of tourists to the area.
- The delimitation of the moor as a natural reserve and the political implications for its conservation.
- The lack of hotel and service infrastructures in the area surrounding the moor.
- The lack of digital connectivity (Internet) in the area.
- The technological backwardness of the tourism system in the region.
- There are not institutionalized programs in the local colleges to train specialized guides with a good command of English.
- The lack of accessibility in infrastructure.
- A public policy for the use of the moor as a tourist destination has not been defined.
- There is still not enough publicity about the nature reserve’s tourist attractions.
- The destruction of the ecosystem by tourists.
- The interest in mining in the area.
- Restrictions due to possible pandemics such as COVID-19.
- Climate change and its implications on the nature of the area.
- Public order in Colombia and social problems due to the advance of poverty.
- Social grievances in the area may lead to an increase in violence rates.
4.2. Proposed Framework for the Implementation of Sustainable Tourism
4.3. Social Dimension
4.3.1. The community of Santurbán: A History Linked to the Mining Industry
4.3.2. The Government and Its Regulatory Role
- Policy formulation: in this aspect it is necessary to implement regulations that ensure the protection of natural resources [63], such as the delimitation of the Santurbán moor and establish environmental resource management planning. In economic aspects, it is also important to provide tax benefits or incentives for the establishment of community-based tourism enterprises [64].
- Infrastructure development: a contribution that can only be made by the government for the development of the infrastructure that is needed, such as improvements in access roads, stability in the provision of public services such as electricity, drinking water and access to Internet connectivity, that are still a weakness in the area, and that are a source of comfort for tourists [65].
- Credit opportunities: the communities settled in the Santurbán moor will be hard hit by the delimitation and the restriction of land use, so they will need access to soft loans to leverage the start-up of tourism businesses in the region [66].
- Promotion of education: the absence of trained personnel for the attention of tourists was one of the weaknesses detected in the analysis, so the creation of continuous training programs on tourism issues, training of tour guides, and training in foreign languages will be necessary [60]. For that, the communion between the academy as trainer and the state as sponsor of these programs is necessary.
4.3.3. Incorporating Technology as a Challenge for the Tourism Business Sector
4.3.4. The Academy and Its Training Role
- Lack of trained personnel with skills in operation, customer service, and tourism product design; the concept of tourism products that are well oriented to the market has not yet been developed.
- Limitations in bilingual staff in all areas of customer service.
- Specialized service: professional guide services, ornithologists, good transportation, and logistical services, among others.
- Lack of specialized and bilingual guides, where the basic guide is only useful for general tours. As of 2015, it was estimated that there was a 70% deficit of specialized guides.
- Lack of greater knowledge about the history and culture of the regions where tourism activities are developed.
4.4. Science
The Potential of Scientific Knowledge Present in Santurbán Moor
- Study of the unique varied vegetation that presents the reserve, developed according to its altitude, such as arboreal in its lower altitudes (2800 m), shrubby in the middle altitudes (3000 m) and herbaceous and shrubby at altitudes above 3400 m [50].
- The study of ornithology that has a variety 29 orders covering 86 families [69]. Among which, species such as the chirriador, the ruddy duck, the moor duck, and in the last decade, the condor that has been reintroduced to these places, stand out.
- The fish present in the Colombian moors and wetlands that are presented in 13 orders covering 50 families [69]; the Santurbán complex has 26 lagoons that allows this study.
- The study of the insects presents in the frailejones that are of great abundance of which there is little information and of the amphibians found in the multiple wetlands.
- Another scientific attraction is the study of the mosses present in the moor that are widespread in all wetlands forming sponges that retain water, providing habitat for insects and amphibians, making a substantial contribution to water regulation [70].
4.5. Industry 4.0 Technology
4.5.1. Artificial Intelligence and Recommender Systems to Support Environmental Protection
4.5.2. Technological Surveillance with IoT Sensor Networks
- Implementation of a low power consumption pH sensing system to monitor water quality.
- The amount of solar radiation with low energy consumption, powered by solar panels to measure UVA, UVB and UVC radiation.
- Air quality in terms of the amount of particulate matter, carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide, humidity, temperature, rainfall, and atmospheric pressure.
4.5.3. The Application of Big Data Techniques in Information Processing
4.5.4. The Use of Augmented Reality and Image Recognition to Provide a Meaningful Experience for Tourists
4.5.5. Digitization as a Mean to Increase Scientific Knowledge of the Area
5. Discussion
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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1: GuiasTur | 2: Transpor | 3: HabiVetas | 4: MinVetas | 5: Turistas | 6: AgeTur | 7: Ecologista | 8: ComZona | 9: GenBuc | 10: EmpTransp | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1: GuiasTur | 0 | 2 | 3 | 1 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 3 |
2: Transpor | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 3 | 3 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 3 |
3: HabiVetas | 1 | 1 | 0 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 2 |
4: MinVetas | 1 | 1 | 3 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
5: Tourists | 3 | 3 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 3 | 2 | 3 | 2 | 3 |
6: AgeTur | 2 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 3 | 0 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 2 |
7: Ecologista | 2 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 2 | 1 | 1 |
8: ComZona | 1 | 1 | 3 | 0 | 3 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 3 | 2 |
9: GenBuc | 1 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 3 | 3 | 1 | 3 | 0 | 2 |
10: EmpTransp | 3 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 3 | 3 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 0 |
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Flórez, M.F.; Linares, J.F.; Carrillo, E.; Mendes, F.M.; de Sousa, B. Proposal for a Framework to Develop Sustainable Tourism on the Santurbán Moor, Colombia, as an Alternative Source of Income between Environmental Sustainability and Mining. Sustainability 2022, 14, 8728. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14148728
Flórez MF, Linares JF, Carrillo E, Mendes FM, de Sousa B. Proposal for a Framework to Develop Sustainable Tourism on the Santurbán Moor, Colombia, as an Alternative Source of Income between Environmental Sustainability and Mining. Sustainability. 2022; 14(14):8728. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14148728
Chicago/Turabian StyleFlórez, Marco Fidel, Jhon Fredys Linares, Eduardo Carrillo, Francisco Milton Mendes, and Bruno de Sousa. 2022. "Proposal for a Framework to Develop Sustainable Tourism on the Santurbán Moor, Colombia, as an Alternative Source of Income between Environmental Sustainability and Mining" Sustainability 14, no. 14: 8728. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14148728