Study on Construction and Reinforcement Technology of Dolomite Sanding Tunnel
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Overview of Tunnel Engineering
2.1. Current Situation of Tunnel Construction
2.2. Overview of Dolomite Sanding Geology in Tunnel Construction
2.3. Characteristics of Sanding Dolomite
- (1)
- Rocky and mineral composition
- (2)
- Rock mass integrity
- (3)
- Acoustic characteristics of rock mass
- (4)
- Permeability of rock mass
2.4. Formation Mechanism and Evolution Model of Dolomite Sanding in WDPCY Tunnels
2.4.1. Mechanism of Dolomite Sanding Dissolution
2.4.2. Evolution Model of Dolomite Sanding
2.4.3. Problems and Risks Caused by Sanding Collapse Cavity in Tunnel Construction
3. Methods
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
WDPCY | Water Diversion Project in Central Yunnan |
REE | Rare earth elements |
ADPR | Active Dolomite Phosphate Rock |
BC | Biological Carbon |
RQD | Rock Quality Designation |
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Name | Length (m) | Sanding Level | Surrounding Rock Category (Proportion) | Groundwater Activity | Surrounding Rock Hazards in Tunnel |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Xiaopu No. 2 | 622.2 | Dominated by Zbdn weak sanding and mixed with intense sanding belts | Ⅲ2 (43.7%) Ⅳ (43.3%) Ⅴ (13%) | Groundwater emerged at about 320 m, and water gushings occurred after 380 m at the normal rate of 10~12 L/s | Water gushing and small-scale blocks falling. |
Xiaopu No. 2 downstream | 140.0 | Dominated by Zbd sandstone mixed with shales and by weak sanding dolomites, with Zbdn fierce~intense sanding dolomite at about 25 m of the front section | Ⅳ (38.7%) Ⅴ (61.3%) | Water gushing, at a normal rate of 10~12 L/s and a maximum rate of 20 L/s | The left wall of the front section experienced a large water gushing, sand gushing and collapse, with quicksand plastic flow gushing out of the tunnel. After scouring, irregularly banded cavities appeared in the right wall and side wall, making it difficult to shape the tunnel. |
Xiaopu No. 3 | 178 | Zbd strongly weathered sandstones mixed with shales and the intense~weak sanding dolomite belts. Zbdn fierce sanding dolomites mixed with diatom rocks at about 38 m of the entry section | Ⅴ (100%) | After 53.8 m, the bottom plate went below the groundwater level, with medium activities in general and linear water flows at the normal rate of 5 L/s | In the fierce sanding section, the vault collapsed, the side wall fell seriously, making it difficult to shape the tunnel. Blocks fell severely from the vault in the rear section, but with no major geological hazard. |
Lanaju entry | 150 | Zbd intense sanding dolomites | Ⅴ (100%) | Located above the groundwater level and dry without water. | Small scale collapse but with no major geological hazard. |
Lanaju construction adit | 395.5 | Zbdn intense sanding dolomites mixed with weak sanding at about 320 m from the entry, followed by Zbd sandstones mixed with shales and the intense sanding dolomite belts | Ⅳ (29.0%) Ⅴ (71%) | After 290 m, the tunnel bottom plate went below the groundwater level, mainly with water seepage and dripping. Concentrated water gushing occurred at 386 m with the maximum rate of 15 L/s and the normal rate of 10 L/s | Mainly small-scale of collapses, with two large-scale landslides occurred successively. Affected by the fracture at 386 m, there came water gushings and mudslides in the tunnel, steel supports deformed, tunnel vault and right wall both collapsed with serious blocks falling. |
Da Tangzi entry | 470 | Zbdn intense sanding dolomites mixed with blocks of weak sanding dolomites | Ⅳ (13.8%) Ⅴ (86.2%) | Most of the tunnel sections were dominated by seepage and drippings, with linear water flows in some parts | Small scale collapses of tunnel vault, but with no major geological hazard. |
Luo Fengshan tunnel exit | 406 | Dominated by Zbdn intense sanding dolomites, partially mixed with blocks of weak sanding dolomites | Ⅳ (9%) Ⅴ (91%) | Located above the groundwater level and dry without water. | Small scale collapse of tunnel vault, but with no major geological hazard. |
Sample Number | Identification Result |
---|---|
1 | With a sanding globular powder-crystal and fine-grained structure, the rock was composed of dolomite and a little quartz. Dolomite recrystallization was weak, mostly in forms of powdery and fine crystals. Their grain sizes were 0.06~0.2 mm, with the powdery crystals constituting the intraclasts and spherulites, the fine crystals constituting the cements, and the quartz being scattered within the fine-grained dolomite as fine-grained debris. The dolomite content was 70%, the intraclasts and spherulites accounted for 20%, and the content of quartz was 10%, respectively. |
2 | With a micro-powder crystal structure, the rock was composed of dolomite and a small amount of quartz. The dolomite had a weak crystallization and mostly presented as micro-powder crystals, at the grain size of 0.03~0.05 mm, and there were a small amount of quartz silts and flake hydromica scattered between the grains. The dolomite content was 95%, the quartz content was no more than 5%, and the hydromica content was 2%, respectively. |
3 | The rock was composed mostly of microcrystalline dolomite and a few precipitated crystal dolomite. The microcrystalline dolomite mainly adhered to algal filaments, which condensed with each other into the shapes of blocks and lumps, while little-precipitated crystals of dolomite filled in the gaps between the lumps. Moreover, several secondary fissure penetrations within the rock were filled by fine-medium crystal dolomite and quartz. The content of algal lumps was 80%, the composition of precipitated crystal dolomite was 10%, and the constituent of bright crystal dolomite was 5~10%, with only a small amount of quartz. |
4 | Crushed crypto-fine crystalline structure. The rock was composed of silica and dolomite. The silica was cryptocrystalline, colloidal, feathery (as aggregate of opal and chalcedony) and microgranular aggregate (of microcrystalline quartz). The dolomite presented weak recrystallization and was mostly in fine-crystal shape at the grain sizes of 0.05~0.15 mm, scattered within the silica and partially concentrated in belt distribution. Under the action of strong stress, the rock was crushed, broken and cracked open, with pores filled by recrystallization (opal, chalcedony) of quartz veins. The content of silica was 80%, the composition of dolomite was 24%, with a small amount of secondary quartz. |
Major Lithology | Project | RQD/% | Notes | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Intense | Weak | Fresh | |||
Dolomite and dolomitic limestones | Group number | 14 | 37 | —— | 13 boreholes |
Maximum | 43.00 | 85 | —— | ||
Minimum | 4.00 | 5 | —— | ||
Average | 16.64 | 54.75 | —— | ||
Standard deviation | 12.15 | 22.09 | —— | ||
Coefficient of variation | 0.73 | 0.4 | —— | ||
Coefficient of statistical correction | 0.65 | 0.89 | —— | ||
Standard value | 10.82 | 48.49 | —— | ||
Dolomite | Group number | 9 | 89 | —— | 11 boreholes |
Maximum | 48 | 76 | —— | ||
Minimum | 3 | 2 | —— | ||
Average | 15.56 | 36.33 | —— | ||
Standard deviation | 15.03 | 26.99 | —— | ||
Coefficient of variation | 0.97 | 0.74 | —— | ||
Coefficient of statistical correction | 0.43 | 0.87 | —— | ||
Standard value | 6.15 | 38.86 | —— | ||
Quartz sandstone and shales mixed with dolomites | Group number | 43 | 89 | 1 | 18 boreholes |
Maximum | 60 | 76 | —— | ||
Minimum | 3 | 2 | —— | ||
Average | 29.87 | 36.33 | 35 | ||
Standard deviation | 16.64 | 26.99 | —— | ||
Coefficient of variation | 0.56 | 0.74 | —— | ||
Coefficient of statistical correction | 0.85 | 0.87 | —— | ||
Standard value | 25.51 | 31.44 | —— |
Project | Medium Sanding | Intense Sanding | Fierce Sanding |
---|---|---|---|
Group number | 57 | 65 | 69 |
Maximum | 4150 | 2890 | 1099 |
Minimum | 1420 | 761 | 372 |
Average | 2719 | 1354 | 692 |
Large value’s mean | 3333 | 1954 | 849 |
Small value’s mean | 2126 | 1047 | 522 |
Standard deviation | 717 | 517 | 196 |
Coefficient of variation | 0.264 | 0.382 | 0.282 |
Coefficient of statistical correction | 0.94 | 0.919 | 0.942 |
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Wang, M.; Xu, W.; Mu, H.; Mi, J.; Wu, Y.; Wang, Y. Study on Construction and Reinforcement Technology of Dolomite Sanding Tunnel. Sustainability 2022, 14, 9217. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14159217
Wang M, Xu W, Mu H, Mi J, Wu Y, Wang Y. Study on Construction and Reinforcement Technology of Dolomite Sanding Tunnel. Sustainability. 2022; 14(15):9217. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14159217
Chicago/Turabian StyleWang, Meiqian, Wei Xu, Hongyuan Mu, Jian Mi, Yonghong Wu, and Yangxing Wang. 2022. "Study on Construction and Reinforcement Technology of Dolomite Sanding Tunnel" Sustainability 14, no. 15: 9217. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14159217