Identification and Differentiation of the Hierarchical Structure of the Caribbean Cruise Shipping Network Based on Route Organization
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Data and Methods
2.1. Data Sources
2.2. Methods
3. Cruise-Line and Port Features of Caribbean
3.1. Distribution Pattern of Cruise Routes
3.2. Numbers of Sailings at Ports
3.3. Centrality of Ports
4. Cruise Shipping Groups and Shipping Network Hierarchies of the Caribbean
4.1. Identification of Cruise Shipping Groups
4.2. Structure of Shipping Network Hierarchies
4.3. Spatial Patterns of Shipping Network Hierarchies
4.4. Features and Rules of Shipping Network Hierarchies
5. Discussion and Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Shape | Explanation | Count | Proportion |
---|---|---|---|
End to end | The route has the same ports of departure and destination. | 327 | 89.3% |
Different beginning from end | The route has different ports of departure and destination. | 39 | 10.7% |
Small loop inside big loop | There are multiple loops in the route. | 85 | 23.2% |
Single loop | There is only one loop in the route. | 266 | 72.7% |
Not closed | There is no loop in the route. | 15 | 4.1% |
Type | Duration | Regions Connected | Count | Proportion |
---|---|---|---|---|
Short | No more than 7 nights | Florida Peninsula–Bahamas; Florida Peninsula–Eastern Caribbean; Florida Peninsula–Western Caribbean. | 197 | 53.8% |
Medium | 8 to 14 nights | Florida Peninsula–Eastern Caribbean; Florida Peninsula–Western Caribbean; Eastern Caribbean–Southern Caribbean. | 135 | 26.9% |
Long | More than 14 nights | East coast of North America–Eastern Caribbean; Florida Peninsula–Southern Caribbean; Eastern Caribbean–Southern Caribbean. | 34 | 9.3% |
Number of Sailings | Port Name | Count | Proportion |
---|---|---|---|
40–50 | Miami, Port Everglades, St. Thomas, San Juan, St. Martin, Nassau | 6 | 4.7% |
30–40 | Cozumel, St. Barts, Antigua, St. Lucia, Port Canaveral, Barbados, St. Kitts | 7 | 5.5% |
20–30 | Key West, Grenada, Grand Cayman, Aruba, Martinique, Dominica, Maya Coast, St. Vicente, Tortola, Grand Turk, Roatan, Ocean Cay MSC Marine Reserve, Puerto Plata, Jost Van Dyke | 14 | 11.0% |
10–20 | Curacao, CocoCay, Quepos, Bonaire, Half Moon Cay, Amber Cove, Freeport, Galveston, Guadeloupe, Labadee, Great Stirrup Cay, Terre-de-Haut, Princess Cay, Cartagena, St. Kitts, Castaway Cays, Puntarenas, Iles des Saintes, Virgin Gorda, Colon, Charleston, Falmouth, Belize City | 23 | 18.1% |
1–10 | New Orleans, Mayreau, Tampa, Ocho Rios, St. Croix, Puerto Jimenez, La Romana, etc. | 77 | 60.6% |
Type | Port Name | Count | Proportion |
---|---|---|---|
Core hub ports | Miami, Nassau, Port Everglades, Cozumel, Puntarenas, St. Barts, St. Martin, St. Lucia, San Juan, St. Thomas, Antigua, Barbados, Grenada, St. Kitts (Port Sant) | 14 | 11.0% |
Functional hub ports | Castaway Cay, Port Canaveral, Ocean Cay MSC Marine Reserve, Grand Cayman, Key West, Colon, Charleston, St. Kitts, St. island, Grand Turk, Guadeloupe, Jost Van Dyke, Dominica, Martinique, Terre-de-Haut, CocoCay, Maya, Roatan, Puerto Plata, Labadee, Half Moon Cay, Freeport, Amber Cove, Curacao, Aruba, Galveston, Belize City, Bonaire, St.Croix, Princess Cays, Great Stirrup Cay, Bequia, Tortola, St. Vicente, Cartagena (Colombia), Puerto Limon | 36 | 20.5% |
General ports | Falmouth, Panama Canal, Isla Parida, Puerto Jimenez, Balboa, Quepos, etc. | 77 | 60.6% |
K Value | Number of Groups | Proportion | Number of Ports | Proportion | Number of Sailings | Degree Centrality | Betweenness Centrality | Closeness Centrality |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
15 | 1 | 0.6% | 3 | 2.4% | 26.3 | 0.209 | 0.053 | 0.349 |
14 | 3 | 1.9% | 9 | 7.1% | 28.3 | 0.225 | 0.052 | 0.346 |
13 | 4 | 2.5% | 10 | 7.9% | 27.3 | 0.217 | 0.048 | 0.346 |
12 | 4 | 2.5% | 10 | 7.9% | 27.3 | 0.217 | 0.048 | 0.346 |
11 | 5 | 3.1% | 12 | 9.4% | 25.9 | 0.206 | 0.042 | 0.346 |
10 | 7 | 4.3% | 15 | 11.8% | 26.5 | 0.210 | 0.043 | 0.346 |
9 | 9 | 5.6% | 19 | 15.0% | 27.5 | 0.218 | 0.052 | 0.349 |
8 | 13 | 8.1% | 25 | 19.7% | 25.6 | 0.203 | 0.047 | 0.344 |
7 | 23 | 14.3% | 31 | 24.4% | 25.6 | 0.203 | 0.045 | 0.341 |
6 | 24 | 14.9% | 32 | 25.2% | 25.4 | 0.202 | 0.044 | 0.342 |
5 | 32 | 19.9% | 38 | 29.9% | 23.8 | 0.189 | 0.044 | 0.336 |
4 | 53 | 32.9% | 45 | 35.4% | 22.9 | 0.182 | 0.039 | 0.330 |
3 | 76 | 47.2% | 65 | 51.2% | 18.1 | 0.143 | 0.030 | 0.310 |
2 | 161 | 100% | 93 | 73.2% | 14.5 | 0.115 | 0.024 | 0.294 |
1 | 161 | 100% | 93 | 73.2% | 14.5 | 0.115 | 0.024 | 0.294 |
Hierarchy | K | Ports | Ports Added |
---|---|---|---|
Level I | 10 | Grand Turk, Port Everglades, Guadeloupe, Half Moon Cay, St. Thomas, Martinique, San Juan, Tortola, Amber Cove, St. Martin, Cozumel, Grand Cayman, Ocho Rios, Princess Cays, St. Vicente | - |
Level II | 8 | St. Martin, St. Kitts, Half Moon Cay, Port Everglades, Antigua, Tortola, St. Thomas, San Juan, Grand Turk, Guadeloupe, Dominica, Martinique, Aruba, Curacao, Barbados, St. Lucia, Amber Cove, Port of Spain, St. Vicente, Labadee, Cozumel, Princess Cays, Grenada, Grand Cayman, Ocho Rios | St. Kitts, Antigua, Dominica, Aruba, Curacao, Barbados, St. Lucia, Port of Spain, Labadee, Grenada |
Level III | 5 | Martinique, Guadeloupe, Antigua, St. Martin, St. Kitts (Sant Port), St. Lucia, Dominica, Tortola, Barbados, St. Thomas, San Juan, Port Everglades, Half Moon Cay, St. Vicente, Grenada, Port of Spain, Miami, Puerto Plata, Aruba, Grand Turk, Curacao, Ocean Cay MSC Marine Reserve, Grand Cayman, Ocho Rios, Cozumel, Maya Coast, Labadee, Princess Cays, Amber Cove, Belize City, Bonaire, Port Canaveral, Cartagena (Colombia), Colon, Puerto Limon, Roatan, Saba, St. Barts | Belize City, Bonaire, Cartagena (Colombia), Colon, Costa Maya, Miami, Ocean Cay MSC Marine Reserve, Port Canaveral, Puerto Limon, Puerto Plata, Roatan, Saba, St. Barts |
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Gou, Y.; Wang, C. Identification and Differentiation of the Hierarchical Structure of the Caribbean Cruise Shipping Network Based on Route Organization. Sustainability 2022, 14, 9448. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14159448
Gou Y, Wang C. Identification and Differentiation of the Hierarchical Structure of the Caribbean Cruise Shipping Network Based on Route Organization. Sustainability. 2022; 14(15):9448. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14159448
Chicago/Turabian StyleGou, Yichao, and Chengjin Wang. 2022. "Identification and Differentiation of the Hierarchical Structure of the Caribbean Cruise Shipping Network Based on Route Organization" Sustainability 14, no. 15: 9448. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14159448