Land Comprehensive Carrying Capacity of Major Grain-Producing Areas in Northeast China: Spatial–Temporal Evolution, Obstacle Factors and Regulatory Policies
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. Literature Review
1.2. Research Objectives and Innovations
2. Index System Construction
3. Methods
3.1. LCCC Calculation
- Normalize the data.
- Construct the weighted normalized evaluation matrix.
- Determine the positive ideal solution and the negative ideal solution .
- ●
- Calculate the distances and of the evaluation object in different years from the positive and negative ideal solutions.
- Calculate the LCCC level value.
3.2. Diagnosis of LCCC Obstacle Factors
4. Results
4.1. Evaluation of LCCC of Three Provinces in Major Grain-Producing Areas in Northeast China from 2000 to 2020
4.1.1. LCCC Evaluation
4.1.2. Evaluation of Classified Land Carrying Capacity
4.2. Obstacle Factors of LCCC of the Major Grain-Producing Areas in Northeast China
5. Discussion
5.1. Regulatory Policies for Improving LCCC
5.2. Contribution to Research, Limitations and Future Perspectives
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Category of Land Carrying Capacity | Symbol | Evaluation Index | Function | Weight |
---|---|---|---|---|
Land food carrying capacity | X1 | Cultivated land area per capita (total cultivated area/total population, hectare/person) | + | 5.57% |
X2 | Grain output per capita (gross grain output/total population, kg/person) | + | 2.97% | |
X3 | Grain output per hectare (gross grain output/total cultivated area, kg/person) | + | 0.39% | |
X4 | Gross agricultural output per hectare (gross agricultural output/total cultivated area, 10,000/km2) | + | 3.48% | |
X5 | Cropping index (grain sown area/total cultivated area, %) | + | 0.13% | |
Land economic carrying capacity | X6 | GDP per hectare (GDP/total land area, 10,000/km2) | + | 7.26% |
X7 | Consumption expenditure per hectare (total consumption expenditure/total land area, 10,000/km2) | + | 6.87% | |
X8 | Gross industrial output per hectare (gross industrial output/total land area, 10,000/km2) | + | 18.86% | |
X9 | Fiscal revenue per hectare (total fiscal revenue/total land area, 10,000/km2) | + | 10.11% | |
Land social carrying capacity | X10 | Urbanization rate (non-agricultural population/total population, %) | + | 19.98% |
X11 | Natural population growth rate (%) | + | 0.80% | |
X12 | Population density (total population/total land area, person/km2) | − | 2.52% | |
X13 | Urban built-up area per capita (m2) | + | 0.54% | |
Land ecological carrying capacity | X14 | Park green area per capita (m2) | + | 0.79% |
X15 | Industrial wastewater discharge per hectare (industrial wastewater discharge/total land area, 10,000 tons/km2) | − | 5.93% | |
X16 | Industrial solid waste emission per hectare (industrial solid waste emission/total land area, 10,000 tons/km2) | − | 9.83% | |
X17 | Environmental protection expenditure per hectare (environmental protection expenditure/total land area, 10,000/km2) | + | 6.97% |
LCCC level value | [0, 0.3) | [0.3, 0.6) | [0.6, 0.8) | [0.8, 1) |
LCCC level | Very low | Low | Medium | High |
Year | Heilongjiang | Jilin | Liaoning | Total | Year | Heilongjiang | Jilin | Liaoning | Total |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2000 | 0.293 | 0.056 | 0.161 | 0.170 | 2011 | 0.325 | 0.125 | 0.572 | 0.341 |
2001 | 0.295 | 0.057 | 0.155 | 0.169 | 2012 | 0.330 | 0.154 | 0.617 | 0.367 |
2002 | 0.296 | 0.056 | 0.164 | 0.172 | 2013 | 0.333 | 0.167 | 0.636 | 0.379 |
2003 | 0.297 | 0.052 | 0.161 | 0.170 | 2014 | 0.336 | 0.176 | 0.631 | 0.381 |
2004 | 0.298 | 0.055 | 0.185 | 0.179 | 2015 | 0.340 | 0.185 | 0.537 | 0.354 |
2005 | 0.301 | 0.061 | 0.223 | 0.195 | 2016 | 0.339 | 0.177 | 0.432 | 0.316 |
2006 | 0.303 | 0.066 | 0.258 | 0.209 | 2017 | 0.344 | 0.191 | 0.463 | 0.333 |
2007 | 0.306 | 0.069 | 0.309 | 0.228 | 2018 | 0.346 | 0.201 | 0.488 | 0.345 |
2008 | 0.314 | 0.079 | 0.363 | 0.252 | 2019 | 0.353 | 0.177 | 0.509 | 0.346 |
2009 | 0.315 | 0.091 | 0.419 | 0.275 | 2020 | 0.367 | 0.192 | 0.516 | 0.358 |
2010 | 0.319 | 0.100 | 0.497 | 0.305 | Average | 0.321 | 0.118 | 0.395 | 0.278 |
Rank | 2000 | 2005 | 2010 | 2015 | 2020 | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Obstacle Factor | Obstacle Degree % | Obstacle Factor | Obstacle Degree % | Obstacle Factor | Obstacle Degree % | Obstacle Factor | Obstacle Degree % | Obstacle Factor | Obstacle Degree % | |
1 | X10 | 17.74 | X10 | 18.69 | X10 | 21.35 | X10 | 25.64 | X10 | 23.43 |
2 | X8 | 12.70 | X8 | 12.85 | X8 | 11.77 | X8 | 14.32 | X8 | 15.66 |
3 | X16 | 11.34 | X16 | 11.44 | X16 | 11.55 | X16 | 10.16 | X16 | 12.58 |
4 | X4 | 10.25 | X4 | 9.73 | X4 | 8.67 | X1 | 7.85 | X3 | 10.37 |
5 | X17 | 8.69 | X17 | 8.37 | X2 | 7.68 | X3 | 7.23 | X15 | 6.68 |
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Gao, J.; Zhao, R.; Zhan, Y. Land Comprehensive Carrying Capacity of Major Grain-Producing Areas in Northeast China: Spatial–Temporal Evolution, Obstacle Factors and Regulatory Policies. Sustainability 2022, 14, 11322. https://doi.org/10.3390/su141811322
Gao J, Zhao R, Zhan Y. Land Comprehensive Carrying Capacity of Major Grain-Producing Areas in Northeast China: Spatial–Temporal Evolution, Obstacle Factors and Regulatory Policies. Sustainability. 2022; 14(18):11322. https://doi.org/10.3390/su141811322
Chicago/Turabian StyleGao, Jia, Rongrong Zhao, and Yuxin Zhan. 2022. "Land Comprehensive Carrying Capacity of Major Grain-Producing Areas in Northeast China: Spatial–Temporal Evolution, Obstacle Factors and Regulatory Policies" Sustainability 14, no. 18: 11322. https://doi.org/10.3390/su141811322