On the Synergy in the Sustainable Development of Cultural Landscape in Traditional Villages under the Measure of Balanced Development Index: Case Study of the Zhejiang Province
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Cultural Landscape in Traditional Villages
2.2. Study Area
2.3. Establishment of the Index System
2.4. Measurement Methods
- Dimensionless processing
- 2.
- Entropy weight determination
- 3.
- Measurement of balanced development level
2.5. Data Sources and Processing
3. Results
3.1. Analysis of Balanced Development Level
3.1.1. Overall Level Fluctuates Upward
3.1.2. Low Level of Urban–Rural Synergy Index
3.1.3. High Weight of Public Culture Indices
3.2. Synergy of Cultural Landscape in Traditional Villages
3.2.1. Characteristics of Synchronicity: Growth Synergy
- The numbers of five cities remain to be improved. The traditional villages in Lishui, Jinhua, and Taizhou are significantly aggregated, accounting for 68.6% of the 11 prefecture-level cities in Zhejiang Province, and their number is significantly negatively correlated with the degree of local economic development and transportation convenience. In sharp contrast, the traditional villages in Zhoushan, Huzhou, Shaoxing, Ningbo, and Wenzhou only account for 14.3%, and nearly every batch shows single-digit or even zero growth;
- The average annual growth rate slows down segment by segment in the three segments studied, with the average values of S1, S2, and S3 being 0.855, 0.532, and 0.241, respectively, showing an overall trend of gradual saturation of traditional villages. Except for the S1 values of Lishui, Taizhou, Quzhou, and Hangzhou and the S2 value of Taizhou which exceeds 1, the other annual average growth values are below 1. Among them, the S3 value of Taizhou drops precipitously, and it starts to exhibit an end in growth. The number of traditional villages in Shaoxing is not good on the whole, but the trend of “forging ahead” is obvious;
- Seven cities showed no synergy. Among the 10 cities studied, only Jinhua showed synergy in the growth of the number of traditional villages (C value of 1.726), and only Wenzhou and Quzhou showed relative synergy (C values of 1.641 and 1.618, respectively), indicating that the spatial growth of traditional villages in these three cities from 2012 to 2018 was coordinated and relatively orderly; however, Jinhua and Wenzhou were synergistic at low growth rates. The remaining seven cities all showed no synergy (C value below 1.55), and the number of traditional villages in Lishui continued to show blowout growth in the third, fourth, and fifth batches, which enhanced the instability of the synergy values, but with a good growth trend. The S values of Hangzhou in the three study segments were halved, segment-by-segment, as the traditional villages were highly impacted by the rapid urbanization, which led to a decrease in the synergy coupling of their growth number.
3.2.2. Characteristics of Diachronism: Aggregation Synergy
- Significant self-similarity fractal (good linear fitting, determination coefficient R2 above 0.890) and the existence of scale-free sections, especially in the fourth batch of scale-free sections, Longquan City and Xianju County within the range of (3.1, 5.1) showed enhanced aggregation;
- The aggregation dimensions are less than 2, indicating that the attenuation from the central village to the peripheral circles is obvious. Around the three spatial influence centers/palms, that are, “Songyang-Wuyi”, “Jingning-Longquan”, and “Lanxi”, there shows a spatial pattern of “three centers, five fingers, multiple points”;
- The aggregation dimension increases after decreasing (values of 1.340, 0.850, 0.365, 0.963, and 1.239), indicating that the degree of aggregation increases and then decreases, i.e., from the first batch of “free distribution state,” the second batch of “centripetal scattering aggregation state,” and the third batch of “central bursting state,” evolving to the fourth batch of “polycentric aggregation state” and the fifth batch of “centrifugal fractal state”.
4. Discussion
4.1. “Diverse Synergy” Driving Sustainable Spatial Development
4.2. “Culture-Fostering-Aspiration” to Drive Sustainable Social Development
4.3. “Digital-Fostering-Intelligence” to Achieve Sustainable Industrial Development
5. Conclusions
- From the perspective of complexity theory, to categorize and explore the unique regionalism, spatial–temporal correlation, and chaotic complexity in the genetic expression and iconographic language of cultural landscape in traditional villages, and to refine typical schemes to form “demonstrations”;
- Going in-depth to the cultural landscape theory, to vertically outline the regional spatial pattern management system, implementation paths in classifications and grades, and development priorities in steps of timing sequence of heritage conservation and utilization in traditional villages, famous historical and cultural villages, and the historical and cultural villages at the national and provincial levels;
- Based on a comprehensive qualitative and quantitative perspective, to horizontally sort out the association and differences in spatial patterns and influencing factors among national-level traditional villages, national-level key villages of rural tourism, and national-level key precise poverty alleviation areas, thus providing guidance and suggestions for sustainable development in rural areas.
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
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Primary Indices | Secondary Indices | Tertiary Indices |
---|---|---|
Development | Affluence | ① Urban residents per capita disposable income (yuan) ② Rural residents per capita disposable income (yuan) ③ Per capita disposable income as a proportion of per capita GDP (%) ④ Urban residents per capita consumption expenditure (yuan) ⑤ Rural residents per capita consumption expenditure (yuan) ⑥ Total fixed-asset investment (100 million yuan) ⑦ Average savings deposit balance per person (yuan) ⑧ Retail price index ⑨ Consumer price index |
Group Synergy | ① The total amount of urban security funds (100 million yuan) ② The total amount of rural security funds (100 million yuan) ③ The number of urban minimum living standards (10,000 persons) ④ The number of rural minimum living standards (10,000 persons) | |
Urban-rural Synergy | ① Diversity factor of urban–rural per capita living consumption expenditure ② Multiple difference of income between urban and rural residents | |
Sharing | Education | ①The average number of students per teacher in elementary schools (persons) ② The number of students in secondary schools (10,000 persons) ③ The number of students in higher education institutions (persons) |
Medical Health | ① The number of doctors per 1000 residents (persons) ② The number of beds in medical institutions per 1000 residents (numbers) ③ Rural doctors and medical orderlies (persons) | |
Social Security | ① Medical relief expenditure (100 million yuan / 10,000 persons) ② The number of participants in basic medical insurance (10,000 persons) ③ The number of participants in basic endowment insurance (10,000 persons) | |
Housing | ① Rural residents per capita housing area (m2) ② Urban residents per capita housing area (m2) | |
Public Infrastructure | ① Public transportation vehicles per 10,000 people (units) ② Wastewater treatment rate (%) ③ Per capita ownership of road area (square meters) | |
Digital Applications | ① Cell phone popularizing rate (pcs / 100 persons) ② The number of computers per 100 rural households (units) ③ The number of computers per 100 urban households (units) | |
Public Culture (Spiritual Wealth) | ① Total expenditure on cultural museums (stations) (10,000 yuan) ② The total collection of public libraries (10,000 copies) ③ The number of books, periodicals and literature lent (10,000 copies) | |
Sustainability | High Quality Development | ① GDP per capita (yuan/person) ② R&D investment (100 million yuan) ③ The number of patents granted (items) ④ Urban registered unemployment rate (%) |
Governance | ① Per capita fiscal income (10,000 yuan per person) ② The number of grassroots labor union organizations (numbers) ③ The number of lawyer staff (persons) | |
Ecology | ① Urban greening coverage area (hectares) ② Habitation park green space (square meters) ③ Domestic waste removal volume (10,000 tons) ④ Industrial solid waste comprehensive utilization rate (%) |
Primary Indices | Weights | Secondary Indices | Weights |
---|---|---|---|
Development | 0.349 | Affluence | 0.205 |
Group synergy | 0.110 | ||
Urban–rural synergy | 0.033 | ||
Sharing | 0.419 | Education | 0.056 |
Medical care and health | 0.074 | ||
Social security | 0.076 | ||
Housing | 0.035 | ||
Public infrastructure | 0.030 | ||
Digital applications | 0.065 | ||
Public culture (spiritual enrichment) | 0.083 | ||
Sustainability | 0.232 | High-quality development | 0.105 |
Governance | 0.058 | ||
Ecology | 0.069 |
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Zhu, X.-G.; Li, T.; Feng, T.-T. On the Synergy in the Sustainable Development of Cultural Landscape in Traditional Villages under the Measure of Balanced Development Index: Case Study of the Zhejiang Province. Sustainability 2022, 14, 11367. https://doi.org/10.3390/su141811367
Zhu X-G, Li T, Feng T-T. On the Synergy in the Sustainable Development of Cultural Landscape in Traditional Villages under the Measure of Balanced Development Index: Case Study of the Zhejiang Province. Sustainability. 2022; 14(18):11367. https://doi.org/10.3390/su141811367
Chicago/Turabian StyleZhu, Xu-Guang, Tao Li, and Ting-Ting Feng. 2022. "On the Synergy in the Sustainable Development of Cultural Landscape in Traditional Villages under the Measure of Balanced Development Index: Case Study of the Zhejiang Province" Sustainability 14, no. 18: 11367. https://doi.org/10.3390/su141811367