Evolution of the Relationship between Runoff and Sediment Transport during Flood Event in the Chabagou Watershed of the Loess Plateau
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Site Description
2.2. Data Sources
2.3. Methods
2.3.1. Sediment Yield (SY)
2.3.2. Rainfall Erosivity (RE)
2.3.3. Runoff Erosion Power (REP)
2.3.4. Elastic Coefficient
3. Results
3.1. Characteristics of RA and SY in Both Periods
3.2. Characteristics of Peak Flow in Both Periods
3.3. Relationship between Runoff Process and Sediment Transport in Both Periods
4. Discussion
4.1. Influence of Precipitation Related Indices on Hydrological Factors
4.2. Effects of Erosion Dynamics on Sediment Delivery Modulus
4.3. Effects of Conservation Measures on Sediment Yield
5. Conclusions
- (1)
- In comparison to PD-I, the P of flood event rose by 62.2% in PD-II, RA increased by 86.1%, but SY fell by 48.3%. When PF was less than 50 m3 s−1, the number of flood events in both periods was highest, the fraction of SY was lowest, and the average value of SDM was the lowest. When PF was higher than 200 m3 s−1, the frequency of flood events in both periods was the least and the average value of SDM was the highest. 8.9% of flood events in PD-I added 38.8% of sediment yield, and 4.4% of flood events in PD-II added 30.8% to the sediment yield.
- (2)
- In the two-period linear relationship, the SY of flood events went up with RA. As a power function relationship, SC grew with PF during both periods. When PF in PD-I was less than 50 m3 s−1, SC went up rapidly; but when PF was higher than 200 m3 s−1, the increasing rate of SC gradually slowed down and the sediment concentration growth also reduced. In PD-II, SC increased with the increase of PF, and the increasing rate of SC was relatively stable. SY was more sensitive to P of the flood event than rainfall intensity (RI), and the sensitivity of RA and SY to P in PD-II was greater than that in PD-I.
- (3)
- The SDM of flood events rose linearly with RE in both periods, and was power function relationship with REP. Under these two relationships, the increasing rate of SDM in PD-II was clearly less than that in PD-I, and the SDM distribution was more concentrated in PD-I, with the characteristic of “concentrate on high value and disperse at low value”.
- (4)
- The improvement of the underlying surface not only raised the threshold of RA corresponding with peak SC, but also shortened the duration of high sediment concentration and lowered the sediment transportation capacity.
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Statistic Indices | P (mm) | RI (mm h−1) | RA (104 m3) | SY (104 t) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean | Maximum | Mean | Maximum | Mean | Maximum | Mean | Maximum | ||
Period | PD-I | 27.5 | 127.6 | 6.50 | 18.88 | 52.07 | 323.47 | 28.02 | 253.62 |
PD-II | 44.6 | 187.4 | 5.14 | 14.77 | 96.89 | 837.37 | 14.50 | 101.23 | |
Change | 17.1 | 59.7 | −1.36 | −4.11 | 44.82 | 513.90 | −13.52 | −152.39 | |
Change rate (%) | 62.2 | 46.8 | −20.9 | −21.8 | 86.1 | 158.9 | −48.3 | −60.1 |
Classification of PF (m3 s−1) | PD-I | PD-II | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Frequency of Flood Event (%) | Proportion of SY (%) | Average Sediment Modulus (t km−1) | Frequency of Flood Event (%) | Proportion of SY (%) | Average Sediment Modulus (t km−1) | |
5 ≤ PF < 50 | 60.8 | 16.5 | 400 | 45.5 | 10.7 | 50 |
50 ≤ PF < 100 | 16.5 | 16.9 | 1400 | 30.4 | 28.1 | 600 |
100 ≤ PF < 200 | 13.9 | 27.9 | 2700 | 17.4 | 34.8 | 1400 |
PF ≥ 200 | 8.9 | 38.8 | 6000 | 4.4 | 30.8 | 5000 |
Flood Events | P (mm) | RI (mm h−1) | RE (MJ mm ha−1 h−1) | PF (m3 s−1) | FD (h) | Peak SC (kg m−3) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
No. 2 | 62.88 | 4.71 | 260.42 | 640 | 20.7 | 898 |
No. 100 | 187.37 | 14.77 | 1366.93 | 339 | 72 | 272 |
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Yang, Q.; Gao, H.; Han, Y.; Li, Z.; Lu, K. Evolution of the Relationship between Runoff and Sediment Transport during Flood Event in the Chabagou Watershed of the Loess Plateau. Sustainability 2022, 14, 11573. https://doi.org/10.3390/su141811573
Yang Q, Gao H, Han Y, Li Z, Lu K. Evolution of the Relationship between Runoff and Sediment Transport during Flood Event in the Chabagou Watershed of the Loess Plateau. Sustainability. 2022; 14(18):11573. https://doi.org/10.3390/su141811573
Chicago/Turabian StyleYang, Qiannan, Haidong Gao, Yong Han, Zhanbin Li, and Kexin Lu. 2022. "Evolution of the Relationship between Runoff and Sediment Transport during Flood Event in the Chabagou Watershed of the Loess Plateau" Sustainability 14, no. 18: 11573. https://doi.org/10.3390/su141811573