Land-Cover-Change Detection with Aerial Orthoimagery Using SegNet-Based Semantic Segmentation in Namyangju City, South Korea
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methodology
2.1. Land-Cover Classification
2.2. Study Area and Datasets
3. Results
3.1. Hyperparameters
3.2. Land-Cover Classification
3.3. Land-Cover-Change Detection
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Model | Urban | Crops | Forests | Water | OA |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
SegNet | 93.96 | 87.59 | 88.45 | 96.32 | 91.54 |
RF | 57.64 | 54.13 | 81.84 | 18.21 | 52.96 |
SVM | 56.23 | 55.39 | 82.27 | 6.74 | 50.27 |
2010 | Level-3 LULC Map | ||||
Urban | Crops | Forests | Water | Total | |
Urban | 1,767,918 | 164,988 | 31,417 | 6316 | 1,970,639 |
Crops | 293,185 | 2,208,976 | 234,389 | 59,618 | 2,796,168 |
Forests | 8653 | 65,108 | 1,406,746 | 279 | 1,480,786 |
Water | 5948 | 2393 | 1566 | 178,079 | 187,986 |
Total | 2,075,704 | 2,441,465 | 1,674,118 | 244,292 | OA = 86.42% |
2012 | Level-3 LULC Map | ||||
Urban | Crops | Forests | Water | Total | |
Urban | 1,700,829 | 268,580 | 341,239 | 12,164 | 2,322,812 |
Crops | 485,862 | 1,876,897 | 216,327 | 48,437 | 2,627,523 |
Forests | 7844 | 17,611 | 1,085,906 | 63 | 1,111,424 |
Water | 42,403 | 19,280 | 6790 | 172,369 | 240,842 |
Total | 2,236,938 | 2,182,368 | 1,650,262 | 233,033 | OA = 78.09% |
Level-3 LULC Map | 2012 | |||||
Urban | Crops | Forests | Water | Null | Total | |
Urban | 1,993,829 | 6,787 | - | 35 | 75,053 | 2,075,704 |
Crops | 77,475 | 2,101,705 | - | 123 | 262,162 | 2,441,465 |
Forests | 2953 | 2456 | 1,650,262 | - | 18,447 | 1,674,118 |
Water | 1686 | 990 | - | 221,513 | 20,103 | 244,292 |
Null | 160,995 | 70,430 | - | 11,362 | 1,788,834 | 2,031,621 |
Total | 2,236,938 | 2,182,368 | 1,650,262 | 233,033 | 2,164,599 | 8,467,200 |
SegNet | 2012 | |||||
Urban | Crops | Forests | Water | Null | Total | |
Urban | 1,521,808 | 343,943 | 5871 | 26,601 | 72,416 | 1,970,639 |
Crops | 402,550 | 2,007,863 | 67,501 | 39,808 | 278,446 | 2,796,168 |
Forests | 269,645 | 152,102 | 1,036,472 | 5,997 | 16,570 | 1,480,786 |
Water | 7241 | 26,504 | 10 | 145,898 | 8333 | 187,986 |
Null | 121,568 | 97,111 | 1570 | 22,538 | 1,788,834 | 2,031,621 |
Total | 2,322,812 | 2,627,523 | 1,111,424 | 240,842 | 2,164,599 | 8,467,200 |
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Son, S.; Lee, S.-H.; Bae, J.; Ryu, M.; Lee, D.; Park, S.-R.; Seo, D.; Kim, J. Land-Cover-Change Detection with Aerial Orthoimagery Using SegNet-Based Semantic Segmentation in Namyangju City, South Korea. Sustainability 2022, 14, 12321. https://doi.org/10.3390/su141912321
Son S, Lee S-H, Bae J, Ryu M, Lee D, Park S-R, Seo D, Kim J. Land-Cover-Change Detection with Aerial Orthoimagery Using SegNet-Based Semantic Segmentation in Namyangju City, South Korea. Sustainability. 2022; 14(19):12321. https://doi.org/10.3390/su141912321
Chicago/Turabian StyleSon, Sanghun, Seong-Hyeok Lee, Jaegu Bae, Minji Ryu, Doi Lee, So-Ryeon Park, Dongju Seo, and Jinsoo Kim. 2022. "Land-Cover-Change Detection with Aerial Orthoimagery Using SegNet-Based Semantic Segmentation in Namyangju City, South Korea" Sustainability 14, no. 19: 12321. https://doi.org/10.3390/su141912321